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ROMANESQUE EUROPE

ROMANESQUE EUROPE. GARDNER Chapter 17-3 pp. 445-453. HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE - ARCHITECTURE. Salians -> Romanesque successors to the Ottonians Ruled an empire covering present day Germany and N. Italy

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ROMANESQUE EUROPE

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  1. ROMANESQUE EUROPE GARDNER Chapter 17-3 pp. 445-453

  2. HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE - ARCHITECTURE • Salians -> Romanesque successors to the Ottonians • Ruled an empire covering present day Germany and N. Italy • Salians were great patrons of art and architecture -> and monasteries remained the great centers of artistic production

  3. SPEYER CATHEDRAL • Interior of Speyer Cathedral, Speyer, Germany, nave vaults ca. 1082-1105 • The central aim of northern Romanesque architects was to develop a masonry vault system that admitted light and was aesthetically pleasing • The solution was to cover the nave with groin vaults instead of barrel vaults • Speyer shows that groin vaults made possible large clerestory windows above the nave arcade

  4. SANT’AMBROGIO, MILAN • Aerial view of Sant’Ambrogio, Milan, Italy, late 11th to early 12th century • Lombardy = N. Italy -> the central monument of Lombard Romanesque architecture is Sant’Ambrogio • Atrium and low, broad proportions, two bell towers (CAMPANILES) at west end, octagonal tower over east end

  5. SANT’AMBROGIOINTERIOR • Interior of Sant’Ambrogio, Milan, Italy, late eleventh to early twelfth century • The nave reveals the northern character of Lombard architecture -> each groin-vaulted nave bay corresponds to two aisle bays • Alternate-support system complements this modular plan

  6. ROMANESQUE COUNTESSES, QUEENS, AND NUNS • Hildegard receives her visions, detail of a facsimile of a lost folio in the RupertsbergerScivias by Hildegard of Bingen, ca. 1150-1179 • Hildegard of Bingen -> the most prominent nun of her time and one of the greatest religious figures of the Middle Ages -> experienced divine visions -> 5 tongues of fire entering her brain -> she also composed music and wrote scientific treatises • Eleanor of Aquitaine -> wife of Henry II of England after annulment of her marriage to Louis VII of France

  7. PAINTING AND OTHER ARTS – HILDEGARD OF BINGEN • Religious manuscript known as the Scivias by Hildegard of Bingen -> contains a record of her vision of the divine order of the cosmos and man’s place in it

  8. RAINER OF HUY • Rainer of Huy, baptism of Christ, baptismal font from Notre-Dame-des-Fonts, Liege, Belgium • The bronze basin rests on the foreparts of a dozen oxen -> revives the classical style and classical spirit • Features idealized figures and even a nude representation of Christ

  9. RELIQUARY OF SAINT ALEXANDER • Head reliquary of Saint Alexander, from Stavelot Abbey, Belgium, silver repousse, gilt bronze, gems, pearls, and enamel, 1145 • Reliquary = container for holding relics • Almost life-size head in repousse silver w/gilt bronze hair -> wears collar of jewels -> enamels and jewels adorn the box the head sits on -> reliquary rest of four bronze dragons • Example of the stylistic diversity and sources of Romanesque art

  10. ITALY – ARCHITECTURE AND ARCHITECTURAL SCULPTURE • Italian architects never accepted the verticality found in northern architecture. • The Pisa Cathedral is one of the most majestic and impressive of all Romanesque churches. Its striped incrustation (alternating dark green and cream colored marble) becomes a hallmark of Tuscan Romanesque and Gothic buildings. • Detail view of Baptistery

  11. PISA CATHEDRAL COMPLEX • Italian Romanesque- Cathedral complex, Pisa, Italy; cathedral begun 1063; baptistery begun 1153; campanile begun 1174 • Pisa’s Cathedral more structurally resembles Early Christian basilicas than the more experimental northern Romanesque churches • Separate bell tower and baptisteries are characteristically Italian

  12. BAPTISTERY, FLORENCE • Baptistery of San Giovanni, Florence, Italy, dedicated 1059 • This is the gem of Florentine Romanesque architecture • Freestanding and faces the city’s cathedral • Simple and serene classicism -> central-plan building • Tuscan Romanesque marble incrustation patterns the walls • Domed octagon wrapped on the exterior by elegant arcade w/3 arches to a bay

  13. SAN MINIATO AL MONTE • Interior of San Miniato al Monte, Florence, Italy, ca. 1062-1090 • Design of San Miniato is close to that of Early Christian basilicas -> but diaphragm arches divide the nave into 3 equal compartments • Compound piers alternate w/columns in the arcade

  14. MODENA CATHEDRAL • Wiligelmo, creation and temptation of Adam and Eve, detail of the frieze of west façade, Modena Cathedral, Italy, ca. 110 • For Modena’s cathedral Wiligelmo shows scenes from Genesis against an architectural backdrop of a type common on Roman and Early Christian sarcophagi • Entering the cathedral you are reminded of original sin and that the only path to salvation is through the church

  15. BENEDETTO ANTELAMI • BENEDETTO ANTELAMI, King David, statue in a niche on the west facade of Fidenza Cathedral, Fidenza, Italy, ca. 1180–1190. Marble, approx. life-size • Benedetto Antelami’s King David is a rare example of life-size statuary in the Romanesque period -> the style is unmistakably rooted in Greco-Roman art

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