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SCIENCE

SCIENCE . “Science does not know its debt to imagination” –Emerson . What are the 4 branches of Science ?. 1. Biology Study of life 2. Chemistry Study of composition of matter Physics Study of forces and motion Earth Science Study of the Earth and its surroundings.

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SCIENCE

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  1. SCIENCE “Science does not know its debt to imagination” –Emerson

  2. What are the 4 branches ofScience? 1. Biology Study of life 2. Chemistry Study ofcomposition of matter • Physics Study of forces and motion • Earth Science Study of the Earth and its surroundings

  3. Four Branches ofEarth Science • Geology • Study of the solid earth • Oceanography • Study of the oceans • Meteorology • Study of the atmosphere and weather • Astronomy • Study of the universe

  4. 4 Earth’s Spheres

  5. 1. Hydrosphere = all earth’s water…everywhere.

  6. 2. Atmosphere = all the air surrounding earth

  7. 3. Geosphere = all of the solid earth

  8. 4. Biosphere = all living things on earth

  9. Earth as a System • System – any size group of interacting parts that form a complex whole. • Driving Forces - • The Sun • Internal Heat

  10. So What? • Why do we study the earth and things that are around the earth?

  11. So What? • Why do we study the earth and things that are around the earth? • Water Wars

  12. Determining Location • Latitude – distance N or S of equator measured in degrees • Lines run east and west • Measures distances N & S • 0º = equator • 90º = poles

  13. Determining Location • Longitude – distance E or W of the Prime Meridian measured in degrees • Lines run N and S • Measures distances E & W • 0º = Prime Meridian…Greenwich, Eng. • 180º = International Date Line

  14. Latitude and Longitude • Written as follows: 118°00’00” meaning 118 degrees, 0 minutes, and 0 seconds. • 31°30’15” = 31 degrees, 30 minutes, and 15 seconds. • Remember that minutes and seconds only go to 60…not 100! • Always connect the top/bottom and left/right lines of lat or long

  15. Maps • Projecting from a round earth/globe onto a flat map will always produce some type of distortion… • Land & distances at the poles are greatly enlarged • Land & distances at the equator are normal

  16. Topographic Maps (Contour Maps) • Represents the 3-D earth in 2-D. • Shows elevations by contour lines (lines of equal elevation) • Contour interval – elevation difference between adjacent lines • Scale – a distance on the map = a distance on the surface (ratio, bar, verbal) • Legend/key – explains symbols on the map

  17. 5 Rules of Contour Lines • Never cross • “Vs” point upstream • Closely spaced lines = steep land • Farther spaced lines = flatter land • Form closed loops

  18. Types of Rocks Chapter 3

  19. What is a Rock? • Any consolidated material consisting of more than one mineral

  20. 3 Types of Rocks • Igneous • Metamorphic • Sedimentary

  21. Igneous Rocks (from fire) • 2 main types 1. Intrusive • Cools and forms slowly (large crystals) • From magma • Underground 2. Extrusive • Cools and forms quickly (small crystals) • From lava • Above ground

  22. Igneous Rocks Classification • 2 ways to classify igneous rocks • 1. Texture & 2. Composition • Texture (4 types) 1. Coarse grained – slow cooling, large crystals 2. Fine grained – fast cooling, small crystals 3. Glassy – super fast cooling, glassy 4. Porphyritic – slow and fast cooling, has both large and small crystals

  23. Course-Grained Igneous Texture

  24. Fine-Grained Igneous Texture

  25. Obsidian Exhibits a Glassy Texture.

  26. Porphyritic Igneous Texture

  27. 2Magma Groups (families) • 1. Granitic (felsic) = continental High in silica, light colored, low density • 2. Basaltic (mafic) = oceanic Low in silica, dark colored, high density

  28. Sedimentary Rocks • From (Latin) sedimentum = settling • Made from sediments

  29. Sedimentary Rock Classification 3 MAIN TYPES: • 1. Clastic = form from sediment • 2. Chemical = form from precipitation or evaporation • 3. Biochemical (organic) = form from remains of once living organisms

  30. Chemical

  31. Clastic Sedimentary Rocks categorized by size/shape • Conglomerate – rounded pebble sized • Breccia – angular pebble sized • Sandstone – sand sized • Siltstone– silt sized • Shale/mudstone – clay sized

  32. Chemical Sedimentary Rocks • Crystalline limestone – precipitates from ocean water • Travertine – precipitates in caves • Chert/flint – quartz • Gypsum – precipitates from oceans, too • Rock salt – evaporated salt water

  33. Biochemical Sedimentary Rocks • Fossil limestone – fossils remains • Coquina – shells and shell fragments • Chalk – microscopic shells and clay • Bituminous coal – plant remains

  34. Sedimentary Rock Features • Ripple Marks • Mudcracks • Bedding • Foliation (layers)

  35. Metamorphic Rocks Means to change form 2 types of metamorphism 1. Contact Metamorphism – small areas from magma 2. Regional Metamorphism – large areas from mountain building

  36. 3 Agents of Metamorphism • Heat (temperature) • Pressure (stress) • Chemicals

  37. Metamorphic Rock Types • Foliated – easily seen layers due to heat and pressure. ex: gneiss and slate • Non foliated – no layers can be seen ex: marble and quartzite

  38. 1. Foliated Metamorphic • Slate – very thin layers, from shale • Phyllite – thin layers, sheen, wavy, from slate • Schist – medium layers,shiny, micas, from phyllite • Gneiss – distinct black & white layers, from schist or granite

  39. Nonfoliated Metamorphic • Marble – shiny, fizzes in acid, H = 3, from limestone • Quartzite – shiny, won’t fizz, H = 6 – 7, from sandstone • Anthracite coal – shiny, black, from bituminous coal The carbon cycle…see page 85

  40. Lab Information

  41. Igneous Rocks= most common overall--never layered--can be spotty,glassy--can have holes--crystals rectangular

  42. Sedimentary Rocks • Most common on surface • Usually dull earthy colors • Can have fossils • Can be layered • Rounded grains

  43. Metamorphic Rocks = most common around NC • crystals flattened • may be layered/foliated • can be shiny/sheeny

  44. The Rock Cycle • Continuous model that shows how rocks can change from 1 type into another. • Interactions among water, air, land, and living things can cause rocks to change. • types of energy that drive the rock cycle: 1. SUN=external forces = weathering, etc. produce sedimentary rocks 2. MAGMA=internal forces=heat produces igneous and metamorphic rocks

  45. and deposition and chemicals and deposition and deposition and chemicals and crystallization and deposition Heat, pressure, and chemicals

  46. Rock Cycle Driving Factors • Sun - Drives the water cycle that produces weathering and erosion. • Heat from Earth’s Interior • Heat produces igneous and metamorphic rocks. • Gravitational Energy - Gravity pulls everything down…rockslides, falling rain, tall mountains, etc.

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