19 th Century Anatomy & Physiology

19th Century Anatomy & Physiology Scientists who have contributed to the study of the human body By: Gabriella Winter, Neerali Patel & Steven Byrne

Theodor Schwann • 1839 – Developed the “cell theory”, in which he and Schleiden discovered that animal cells and plant cells have similarities in structure. • "All living things are composed of cells and cell products that are reproduced.” • Identified all common features between cells but was incorrect in that cells had the ability to grow from cellular fluids.

Animal Cell Plant Cell Theodor, himself.. Cellular fluid (cytoplasm)

Matthias Schleiden • A one-cell organism is made up of a unicellular (such as bacteria) • A multi-cell organism is made up of multi-cellular. Humans and most animals are multi-cellular. • 1838 - Discovered (with Schwann) that both animal and plant cells have a nuclei. • One of first scientist to accept Darwin’s theory of evolution.

Single cell organism Multi cell organism Schleiden, himself…… Depicting a nucleus

Rudolf Virchow • "Omnis cellula e cellula“ or “Every cell originates from another cell”. • Discovered that disease occurs in cellular level, not within organs nor in tissue. • Was a pathologist – focuses studies on disease • Named “leukemia” – the procreation of white “blood”/but mostly white cells • Was appointed a “noble status” as a physician but declined the offer.

White blood cell - leukemia The study of disease Virchow

Carl Zeiss • Created the first microscope with one lenses – distributed 23 in his first year. • Joined by Ernst Abbe– discovered the “Abbe sine condition” which improved the microscope lenses with a better focused lenses for sharper images. • Produced a new kind of glass with Otto Schott that would eventually complete the “Abbe sine condition” microscope. • Used water immersion to create an eyepiece that would be able to produce pictures that would show clear colors.

Zeiss’s first microscope Zeiss’s self portrait……

Claude Bernard • Discovered carbohydrate metabolism within the human body • Studies the autonomic system and its functions – the system that controls the human’s ability to contain consciousness • Biggest contribution – that cells are never at rest, but that they constantly undergo changes to maintain internal equilibrium

Claude Bernard, himself… An example of carbohydrate metabolism (center)

Citations • http://www.dnaftb.org/6/bio-5.html • http://www.lycos.com/info/matthias-jakob-schleiden.html • http://www.nndb.com/people/904/000164412/ • http://www.company7.com/zeiss/history.html • http://mediways.com/category.asp?id=32

19 th Century Anatomy & Physiology