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Public Health Impact: The Cost of Methamphetamine

Public Health Impact: The Cost of Methamphetamine. Caroline Hawkins RN, PhD Student Walden University PUBH 8165-10 Environmental Health Dr. Howard Rubin Spring Quarter, 2011. The Environmental and Social Effects of Clandestine Meth Labs. Learning Objectives.

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Public Health Impact: The Cost of Methamphetamine

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  1. Public Health Impact: The Cost of Methamphetamine Caroline Hawkins RN, PhD Student Walden University PUBH 8165-10 Environmental Health Dr. Howard Rubin Spring Quarter, 2011 The Environmental and Social Effects of Clandestine Meth Labs

  2. Learning Objectives Photos courtesy of Drug Enforcement Agency [DEA], n.d.b; Meth-Kills.org, n.d. • Environmental impact • Public health impact • Community issues • Importance to: • Public health officials • Law enforcement • 1st responders • The costs

  3. Impact of MA on the Environment Photo courtesy of DEC Riverside County, CA, n.d. • Hazardous chemicals • Chemicals combinations • Toxic/explosive potential

  4. Chemicals Used in a Typical Meth Lab DEA, n.d.a; Photo courtesy of Oregon State Police Drug Enforcement Section, 2007 • Common Ingredients: • Starting fluid (ether) • Paint thinner • Freon • Acetone • Anhydrous ammonia • Iodine crystals • Red phosphorous • Brake cleaner (toluene) • Drain cleaner (sodium hydroxide) • Battery acid (sulfuric acid) • Reactive metals (sodium or lithium) • Cold tablets containing pseudoephedrine

  5. Acetone • Flammable • Irritant • eyes • skin • mucous membranes • gastric • Coma NDIC, 2006; Terra Industries, Inc., 2008; Photo courtesy of University of Melbourne, 2005

  6. Freon Photo courtesy of the Florida Department of Environmental Protection, RCRA, 2011 • Corrosive • Inhalation exposure • Cardiac arrest • Lung damage

  7. Anhydrous Ammonia • Colorless gas • Odorous fumes • Toxic • Burns • Inhalation edema • Pulmonary edema • Life-threatening NDIC, 2006; Terra Industries, Inc., 2008; Photo courtesy of Nometh.org, n.d.

  8. Sodium Hydroxide DEA, n.d.b; NDIC, 2006; Photo courtesy of California Department of Toxic Substances Control, 2007 • Corrosive • Irritant • Inhalation • Ingestion • Skin • Eyes • Severe burns • Thermal • Chemical • Pulmonary edema

  9. Meth Cleanup and Disposal of By-products DEA, n.d.a; Gonzales, Mooney, & Rawson, 2008; NDIC, 2006; Photo courtesy of Medfels (n.d.). • Environmental hazards • Contaminate property • Water supplies, farmland, vegetation • Unusable • Tree kills • Cattle deaths

  10. Meth Cleanup and Disposal of By-products DEA, (2003); Photos courtesy of Boulder Co., 2011; King County, Washington, 2011 • By-products dumped • Long-term effects • Valueless property • Homes abandoned • Agricultural areas

  11. Community Impact of Meth CDC (2005); Hunt (2006); Photos courtesy of DEC Riverside County, CA, n.d.; NoMeth.org (n.d.) • Acute exposure risks

  12. Community Effects of Meth CDC, 2005; Photo courtesy of Nometh.org, n.d. Flash fires Explosions

  13. Community Effects of Meth CDC, 2005; Photos courtesy of OregonLive.com, 2004 • Meth Homes Searched

  14. Community Effects of Meth Governor’s Office of Criminal Justice Planning, n.d.; Grant, 2007; NewsHerald.com, 2009. Photos courtesy of NewsHerald.com, 2009 • Youngest victims • Dad offender/child abuser • Between 2000-2005 • 15,000 children affected

  15. Community Effects of Meth Photos courtesy of DEA, n.d.a; Riverside Co., CA, n.d. • National reporting data • Regional data • Minneapolis (up 243%) • New Orleans (up 194%) • St Louis (up 97%) • Atlanta (up 67%) • Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) system in 2003

  16. Public Health Impact • MA use increase • Nationwide • 2% in 1994 • 5% in 2004 • 2009 incidence rates • 24% • 10.5% • 577% of MA seizures • Worldwide • Second only to marijuana • 35 million people DEA, n.d.; EPA, 2006; Photos courtesy of NoMeth.org, n.d.; University of Utah, 2011

  17. Public Health Impact California Department of Toxic Substances, 2007; Hunt, 2006; NDIC, 2006; Photos courtesy of Atlanta Journal and Constitution, 2011; National Geographic, 2011 • Emergency room visits • Overdose • Burns • Pulmonary damage • Cardiac problems • Toxicity exposures • 2003 incidence rates • 35% of States • 10% of admissions

  18. Public Health Impact McGuinness & Pollack, 2008; Photos courtesy of Meth-kills.org; Parentsstopmeth.org, n.d. • Children vulnerable • Health/safety outcomes • Chemical exposure • Physical/sexual abuse • Neglect • Developmental delays • Mental/behavioral problems • 80% test positive

  19. Public Health Impact Center for Substance Abuse Research [CESAR], 2009 • Economic costs • $23.4 billion in 2005 • Morbidity and mortality • Criminal justice/social welfare • Productivity/quality of life • Social harm • Crime/violence

  20. Law Enforcement CDC, 2000; DEA, 2000; Hunt, 2006; Photo courtesy of Parentsstopmeth.org, n.d. • Unique and serious problems • Search warrants • 1996-1999 • 112 MA events • 55 (69.6%) injuries • 2002 to 2003 • Air emissions • Fires • Explosions

  21. Law Enforcement Hunt, 2006. Photos courtesy of DEA, n.d.b.; Inform.com, 2011 • Lab detection • Clandestine placement • Resources limited • Close-knit system • Transactions outdoors • Problematic surveillance

  22. First Responders CDC, 2000; Hunt, 2006. Photos courtesy of Inform.com, 2011 • Greater risk • Specialized training • Emergency Medical Technicians (EMTs) • Hospital employees

  23. First Responders • Hazmat suits • Hazardous Substances Emergency Events Surveillance (HSEES) • 112 events • 155 injuries • 79 (51.0%) first responders • Nine (11.4%) EMTs • Eight (10.1%) firefighters • Seven (8.9%) hospital employees CDC, 2000; Hunt, 2006. Photos courtesy of Inform.com, 2011

  24. Major Public Health Challenges Gonzales, Mooney, & Rawson; Photos courtesy of DEA, n.d.c • United States • Demographic profile shift • Men and women • Latinos • Native Americans/Alaskan Natives • Asian/Pacific Islanders • Offender populations

  25. Major Public Health Challenges DEA, n.d.a; Photos courtesy of National Geographic, 2011 • Ancillary costs • Overtime salaries • Specialized training • Criminal justice • Medical

  26. Public Health Impact: The Cost of Methamphetamine • Thank You For Your Attention Photos courtesy of Meth-Kills.org, 2010; Boulder County Sheriff’s Department, 2011; Parentsstopmeth.org, n.d.; kued.org, 2011; Riverside County, CA, n.d.

  27. References Atlanta Journal and Constitution. (2011). No more funds for meth lab cleanups. Retrieved from http://www.ajc.com/news/no-more-funds-for-864764.html Boulder County. (2011). Meth lab photo gallery. Retrieved from http://www.bouldercounty.org/live/environment/air/pages/methlabphotogallery.aspx California Department of Toxic Substances Control. (2007). Methamphetamine drug lab cleanup program. Retrieved from http://www.dtsc.ca.gov/sitecleanup/erp/clan_labs.cfm Center for Substance Abuse Research, University of Maryland, College Park. (2009). Methamphetamine cost society and estimated $23.4 billion in 2005. Retrieved from http://www.cesar.umd.edu/cesar/cesarfax/vol18/18-16.pdf Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2005). Guideline Acute public health consequences of methamphetamine laboratories-16 states, January 2000-June 2004. (MMWR Publications No. RR-16). Atlanta, GA. Retrieved http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4945a1.htm Florida Department of Environmental Protection, RCRA. (2011). Compliance assistance: Waste Management. Retrieved from http://www.rcra101.org/index.html Gonzales, R., Mooney, L., & Rawson, R. (2010). The methamphetamine problem in the United States. Annual Review of Public Health, 31385-398. Retrieved from http://cv8yh9th3f.search.serialssolutions.com.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/?genre=article&issn=01637525&title=Annual+Review+of+Public+Health&volume=31&issue=1&date=20100401&atitle=The+Methamphetamine+Problem+in+the+United+States.&spage=385&pages=385-398&sid=EBSCO:Academic+Search+Complete&aulast=Gonzales%2c+Rachel Governor’s Office of Criminal Justice Planning. (n.d.). Multi-Agency Partnerships: Linking Drugs with Child Endangerment, Sacramento, CA. Retrieved from http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/ovc/publications/bulletins/children/pg5.html Grant, P. (2007). Evaluation of children removed from a clandestine methamphetamine laboratory. Journal Of Emergency Nursing, 33(1), 31-41. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6WJ5-4MWPRMN-9-C&_cdi=6869&_user=7754736&_pii=S0099176706007525&_origin=gateway&_coverDate=02%2F28%2F2007&_sk=999669998&view=c&wchp=dGLbVtb-zSkWb&md5=acca41ce8fa4a8e807c0a401f27c58cb&ie=/sdarticle.pdf Hunt, D. E. (2006). Methamphetamine abuse: Challenges for law enforcement and communities. National Institute of Justice Journal, 254, 28-31. Retrieved from http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/jr000254.pdf Inform.com. (2011). Meth lab fire. Retrieved from http://inform.com/world/meth-lab-fire-2219533p

  28. References McGuinness, T. M., & Pollack, D. (2008). Parental methamphetamine abuse and children. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 22(3), 152-158. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6WKK-4S02D6Y-1-1&_cdi=6909&_user=7754736&_pii=S0891524507001393&_origin=gateway&_coverDate=06%2F30%2F2008&_sk=999779996&view=c&wchp=dGLzVzz-zSkzV&md5=282a5f3d8f62342cd1613f2ef9389a46&ie=/sdarticle.pdf Meth Education for Elementary Schools. (n.d.). Meth & health. Retrieved from http://www5.semo.edu/criminal/medfels/Meth%20&%20Health.htm Meth-Kills.org. (2010). Photos. Retrieved from http://meth-kills.org/ National Drug Intelligence Center. (2006). Methamphetamine laboratory identification and hazards fast facts. Retrieved from http://www.justice.gov/ndic/pubs7/7341/index.htm#signs National Geographic. (2011). Drugs Inc.: Meth. Retrieved from http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/series/drugs-inc/4657/Photos#tab-Photos/0 NewsHerald.com. (2009). The path this scumbag took. Retrieved from http://www.newsherald.com/articles/meth-76890-captured-panama.html NoMeth.org. (n.d.). Consequences of meth to children. Retrieved from http://nometh.org/children.html Oregonlive.com. (2004). Children of meth. Retrieved from http://www.oregonlive.com/news/oregonian/photos/gallery.ssf?cgi-bin/view_gallery.cgi/olive/view_gallery.ata?g_id=4087 Oregon State Police, Drug Enforcement Section. (2007). Meth in your neighborhood? Retrieved from http://www.oregon.gov/OSP/DES/Meth_Neighborhood.shtml Parentsstopmeth.org. (n.d.). Children of methamphetamine. Retrieved from http://www.parentsstopmeth.org/meth_orphans.htm Riverside County, California, Drug Endangered Children Program. (n.d.). Photos. Retrieved from http://dec.riversidesheriff.org/misc/photos.htm Terra Industries, Inc. (2008). Anhydrous ammonia. Retrieved from http://www.tet-terra.com/downloads/anhydrous_ammonia.pdf

  29. References University of Utah. (2011). Aftermath of meth. Retrieved from http://www.kued.org/?area=pressReleases&action=details&id=MzQ University of Melbourne. (2005). Acetone. Retrieved from http://safety.chemistry.unimelb.edu.au/labels.php U. S. Department of Justice. (2006). Methamphetamine abuse: Challenges for law enforcement and communities. Retrieved from http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/jr000254.pdf U. S. Drug Enforcement Administration. (2000). News from DEA: Congressional testimony. Retrieved from http://www.justice.gov/dea/pubs/cngrtest/ct042400.htm U. S. Drug Enforcement Administration. (2003). Facing the methamphetamine problem in the America (Congressional Testimony). Retrieved from http://www.justice.gov/dea/pubs/cngrtest/ct071803.htm U. S. Drug Enforcement Administration. (n.d.a). Environmental impacts of methamphetamine. Retrieved from http://www.justice.gov/dea/concern/meth_environment.html U. S. Drug Enforcement Administration. (n.d.b). Methamphetamine. Retrieved from http://www.justice.gov/dea/images_methamphetamine.html U. S. Drug Enforcement Administration. (n.d.c). Methamphetamine lab incident, 2004-2010. Retrieved from http://www.justice.gov/dea/concern/map_lab_seizures.html U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2008). Methamphetamine: Threatening the health and environment of Tribal communities. Tribal Waste Journal, 6, 1-20. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/wastes/wycd/tribal/pdftxt/twj-6.pdf

  30. Additional Resources D.A.R.E. (1996). Methamphetamine. Retrieved from http://www.dare.org/home/DrugInformation/Story3a64.asp?N=DrugInformation&M=11&S=25 Mothers Against Meth. (2011). Methamphetamine: The most addictive drug on the planet. Retrieved from http://www.mamasite.net/index.php National Institute on Drug Abuse. (n.d.). NISA info facts: Methamphetamine. Retrieved from http://www.nida.nih.gov/infofacts/methamphetamine.html Office of Drug Policy, Michigan Departmetn of Community Health. (2003). Formula for disaster: Methamphetamine. Retrieved from http://www.michigan.gov/documents/June03MethPR_JacksonCounty_67434_7.pdf OregonLive.com. (1999). Children of meth. Retrieved from http://www.oregonlive.com/news/oregonian/photos/gallery.ssf?cgi-bin/view_gallery.cgi/olive/view_gallery.ata?g_id=4087

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