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The Spanish-American / Filipino-American Wars: Conflict in Two Parts

The Spanish-American / Filipino-American Wars: Conflict in Two Parts. Day 6, August 5 Matthew L. Daley, GVSU. I. Frontiers: Turner Thesis. A. 1890 Census - frontier was closed B. Frederick Jackson Turner : a historian, 1893 essay: “The Frontier in American History”

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The Spanish-American / Filipino-American Wars: Conflict in Two Parts

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  1. The Spanish-American / Filipino-American Wars: Conflict in Two Parts Day 6, August 5 Matthew L. Daley, GVSU

  2. I. Frontiers: Turner Thesis • A. 1890 Census - frontier was closed • B. Frederick Jackson Turner: a historian, 1893 essay: “The Frontier in American History” • outlet for young men and women natural • social/economic release valve. • C. Without the frontier, our society is in real trouble. • Should we not have an empire as well?

  3. II. Great Powers: Colonies • A. European Empires: 1870s-1890s • “The Scramble for Africa” • Africa is divided between Europeans. • China is not conquered but left very weak.

  4. III. Arguments for joining the “Great Powers” • A. Alfred Thayer Mahan:The Influence of Sea Power Upon History • 1. “Big Navy” policy - 1880s, Congress approves building steel ships • Great powers = Great navies • 2. “Jingoism” - nationalists who desired war to enhance foreign policy and national prestige • 3. Great White Fleet – December 1907-February 1909, circumnavigation demonstrating American military strength

  5. IV. The Drive to War • A. The Spanish-American War: April to August, 1898 - “Splendid Little War” • 1. Outrage over Spanish treatment of colonies, especially Cuba’s independence movement • Also rebellion in the Philippines. • Spanish Gen. Weyler - concentration camps for insurgents

  6. IV. The Drive to War • B. “Yellow journalism” - no pretence of balance - sensational - embellish when not exciting enough • William Randolph Hearst - New York Journal • Joseph Pulitzer - New York World • Hearst sends Frederick Remington to Havana - “you supply the pictures, I’ll supply the war.”

  7. V. Remember the Maine!! • A. February 15,1898 • 1. U.S.S. Maine, battleship, explodes in Havana Harbor - 163 sailors and Marines killed. • 2. Claims made that a Spanish mine destroyed the vessel • 3. Tensions ratchet up - media, political leaders call for war - President McKinley resists, but feels he has no choice • Today most believe the Maine suffered an internal explosion from either a faulty steam boiler or coal dust.

  8. U.S.S. Maine Memorial - Arlington National Cemetery

  9. VI. Combat Operations • A. Army totally unprepared - 26,000 men heavily scattered throughout the nation • 1. National Guard (or militia) filled with nearly 1 million volunteers - eventually 250,000 were enlisted. • 2. Equipment was inadequate – e.g. wool uniforms for the tropics. • 3.Disease killed more than combat.

  10. VI. Combat Operations cont. • B. Cuba - land combat - Havana and Santiago • Kettle Hill and San Juan Hill - siege warfare • Theodore Roosevelt makes his name at SJH. • C. War at sea - really won there • May, 1898 - Battle of Manila Bay - George Dewey captures Manila, Philippines • July, 1898 - Battle of Santiago - Spanish forces destroyed fleeing the harbor

  11. VII. A “peace” of the action • A. Paris Peace Conference - Sept. 1898 • 1. U.S. received Cuba (as protectorate), Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines • 2. U.S. - stated goal - deny them to the other “Great Powers” - to be humanitarian - aid their “little brown brothers” • …..and to get a foothold in the South Pacific.

  12. VIII. Filipino-American War • A. Filipino-American War - February 1899 - November 1902 (some fighting until 1913) • 1. Emilio Aguinaldo - anti-colonial leader - not particularly good politically or militarily • a. Wanted set-piece military battle - lost badly • b. Switched to guerilla tactics - limited success

  13. VIII. Filipino-American War • B. Guerilla war - island chain that would run from Texas to Montana • 1. And U.S. would have less than 70,000 troops at any one time • a. Ruthless tactics - both sides - civilians caught in the crossfire - or “back” the wrong side • b. Balangiga Massacre: Oct. 1901 - U.S. garrison ambushed -heavy losses - Gen. Jacob Smith orders island of Samar turned into a “howling wilderness” - war crimes trials afterwards • Essential U.S. problem - how to not act like the Spanish.

  14. IX. Opening the Door in China • A. China and the “Open Door”: • 1. From 1840s - China’s Qing dynasty was in trouble – • a. British “Opium Wars” 1830s sell their opium produced in India to the Chinese population • b. China had turned inward and was overwhelmed by the outside world • even had lost its dominant role in Asia to Japan in their 1895 war. • 2. “Boxer” Rebellion – 1900 • a. Chinese nationalists: drive all foreigners and foreign influence from the country

  15. IX. Opening the Door in China • B. President Theodore Roosevelt (McKinley had been assassinated) worked to keep Europeans from staying and carving up China - • 1. Thus, the “Open Door” policy: • a. all nations could trade within China without establishing their own large colonies. • b. Kept China deliberately weak – links to the present-day

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