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Dar al-Islam

Dar al-Islam. The Spread of Islam to South and Southeast Asia. THE COMING OF ISLAM TO SOUTH ASIA.

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Dar al-Islam

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  1. Dar al-Islam The Spread of Islam to South and Southeast Asia

  2. THE COMING OF ISLAM TO SOUTH ASIA • Show the stages of Islamic incursion into India a) What factors contributed to Islam’s spread in South Asia? b) To what extent were Muslims successful in converting Indians to Islam? C) How did contacts between Hindu society and Islam affect each civilization?

  3. THE COMING OF ISLAM TO SOUTHEAST ASIA • Show the stages of Islamic incursion into Southeast Asia a) What factors contributed to Islam’s spread in Southeast Asia? b) To what extent were Muslims successful in converting the population to Islam? C) What was the role of Sufi mystics in Southeast Asia?

  4. The Abbasid Dynasty (750 – 1258 CE) • Abu al-Abbas Sunni Arab, allied with Shias and non-Arab Muslims • Seizes control of Persia and Mesopotamia • Defeats Umayyad army in 750Invited Umayyads to banquet, then massacred them

  5. Nature of the Abbasid Dynasty • Diverse nature of administration (not exclusively Arab) • More cosmopolitan than the Umayyads • Militarily competent, but not bent on imperial expansion • Dar al-Islam • Growth through military activity of autonomous Islamic forces

  6. Abbasid Administration • Persian influence (Arabs lose dominant influence especially in government affairs) • Court at Baghdad • Influence of Islamic scholars

  7. Caliph Harun al-Rashid (786-809 CE) • High point of Abbasid dynasty • Baghdad center of commerce • Great cultural activity • Urban prosperity helpedartisans, artists, merchants

  8. Cultural Achievements • Arts – extravagant mosques and palaces; well-planned cities; calligraphy, arabesques • Literature – Arabian Nights • Sciences – translations of Greek works;Canon of Medicine, pharmacy • Mathematics – algebra, introduction of “Arabic (Indian) numerals

  9. Treatment of women • Declining position of women • Contact with strong patriarchal cultures = Persia and Byzantine Empire • The harem • The veil

  10. Al-Andalus (Islamic Spain) • Muslim Berber conquerors from North Africa take Spain, early 8th century • Allied to Umayyads, refused to recognize Abbasid dynastyFormed own caliphate Tensions, but interrelationship

  11. Formation of an Islamic Tradition • Islamic valuesUniformity of Islamic law Importance of the HajjEstablishment of madrasas

  12. Nomadic Invasions and Abbasid Decline • Disputes over succession rights • Peasant rebellions • Abbasid caliphs became mere figureheads • Final collapse = Mongol invaders sack Baghdad in 1258

  13. Sufi missionaries • Asceticism, mysticism • Helped spread Islam • Some tension with orthodox Islamic theologians • Wide popularity • Al – Ghazali – Sufithinker from Persia

  14. Cultural Influences on Islam • PersiaAdministration and governance Literature • IndiaMathematics, science, medicine • Greece - philosophy

  15. India after the Fall of The Gupta Dynasty • Invasion of White Huns – 451 CE • Gupta State collapsed mid-6th c. • Chaos in northern IndiaLocal power struggles Invasion of Turkish nomads

  16. Introduction of Islam to India • Islam reached India by several routesBy military – Arab forces entered as early as the mid-seventh century Muslim merchants took their faith to coastal regions The migrations and invasions of Turkish-speaking peoples from Central Asia

  17. Introduction of Islam to Northern India • Arabs conquer Sind – 711 • Mixed population, but held by Abbasid dynasty to 1258

  18. Merchants and Islam • Arabic trade with India predates Islam • Dominated trade between India and the west to 15th century • Established local communities

  19. Mahmud of Ghazni • Raids in India, 1001-1027 • Plunders, destroys Hindu and Buddhist templesOften builds mosques atop ruins

  20. The Sultanate of Delhi • Consolidation of Mahmud’s raiding territory • Capital: Delhi • Ruled northern India 1206-1526 • Weak administrative structure

  21. Conversion to Islam • 25 million converts by 1500 • Possibilities of social advancement for lower HindusRarely achieved: whole castes or jatis convert, social status remains consistent

  22. The Bhakti Movement • Attempt to bring Hinduism and Islam closer together • 12th c. southern Hindu movement, spread to north • Taught that Shiva, Vishnu, Allah all manifestations of one Diety

  23. Early States of Southeast Asia • FunanLower Mekong River • Kingdom of SrivijayaCentered in Sumatra • Kingdom of AngkorCambodia

  24. Islam in Southeast Asia • Early populations of Muslim traders • Increasing popularity with Sufi activity • Many convert, retain some Hindu or Buddhist Tradition

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