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Class 24: 19 th C Catholic Reaction

Class 24: 19 th C Catholic Reaction. Ann T. Orlando 22 March 2006. Introduction. Industrial Revolution What is a liberal? Romanticism French Romanticism Gregory XVI Pius IX. Industrial Revolution.

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Class 24: 19 th C Catholic Reaction

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  1. Class 24: 19th C Catholic Reaction Ann T. Orlando 22 March 2006

  2. Introduction • Industrial Revolution • What is a liberal? • Romanticism • French Romanticism • Gregory XVI • Pius IX

  3. Industrial Revolution • Narrowly defined, transformation of England in 18th C from agricultural to manufacturing as something that employs majority of population • Improved agricultural methods in 17th and 18 C • Application of scientific discoveries: Invention of steam engine and cotton gin • Huge economic and social impact in 19th C • But comes to include and define the difference between first world and third world countries

  4. Social Changes Wrought by Industrial Revolution • Generalization: before Industrial Revolution • Families and small towns fundamental economic as well as social unit; Economic self-sufficiency in small geographic areas • Family farms or farming in common, family artisans; hand-produced small quantities; what is sold is crops or crafts • Majority of population is rural • Large towns and cities: seats of ecclesial and civil government • Generalization: after Industrial Revolution • Fundamental economic units are large private farms and mercantile organizations • Economic units become very specialized and very large; what the individual sells is his labor (remember John Locke) • Majority of people live around new economic centers: cities • Being rural poor is horrible; being urban poor is worse

  5. Energy for Industrial Revolution • Steam Engine • James Watt patented in 1769 • Efficient way to turn coal into energy; England has lots of coal • Inventions using steam engines very quickly follow and dramatically change manufacturing • But the most visible and symbolic, immediate invention was the railroad • To build railroad required lots fo technology, masses fo cheap labor directed toward a common economic goal • Opened way for mass migration • Connected previously independent areas into common economic units

  6. Rail Lines England 1850www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/ind_rev/data/rail_urban1861.html

  7. So Why Is a Map of England’s Railroads part of Church History? • Because Pope Gregory XVI banned railroads from the Papal States • Concerned about disruption to social life in Papal States • Concerned about monopoly and materialism of railroads • Railroad tried to bribe the Pope • Inequality between workers and capitalists, • leads to workers revolts of 1848, • new political movements, Communism

  8. What is a Liberal? • Based on 17th C word, libertine, meaning one of loose morals; a free thinker • In 19th C, liberals are heirs of philosophes, • Individual freedom, rights and right to property • Fundamental function of government was to safeguard those rights; minimalist governments • Notion of a meritocracy • Free market economies; ‘invisible hand of market place’

  9. Romanticism • What is driving Romanticism • Concern that liberalism inevitably leads to social chaos • Man is more than just reason; spiritual component • What is Romanticism • Restoration of social order • Idealization of past • Renewed interest in Catholic traditions • Important Romantic movements in England, America, Germany and France

  10. French Romantic Movement • Apologists for lost traditions that deChristianization of revolution had caused • Usually ultamontanists • Usually supported restoration of French monarchy

  11. Francois Rene Vicomte de Chateuabriand (1768-1848) • As a result of Pius VII stance against Napoleon, Chateuabriand returned to Church from skepticism • Wrote strong apology for Christianity, Genius of Christianity • Reflected on history and importance of Church in civilizing society • Emphasized the beauty of Christianity; impact on arts and sciences • Strong appeal to culture of Christianity

  12. Felicite Robert de Lamennais (1772-1854) • Also a Romantic; also wrote apologies for Christianity • Essay on Indifference (1817) • Three kinds of indifference: atheist, Deist, heretical Protestant • Key issue is epistemology • Lamennais relies on sensus communis (sense of the community) to attain to certain primal truths, innately known • After the Fall, God offers revelation as a way to reestablish sensus communis • Catholic Christianity existed in all religions in inchoate form (one God, prayer, worship, sacrifice, sin, forgiveness) • Catholicism is the one true religion because Many intellectuals in French Church wanted Church to adapt to modern political nd economic trends • Lamennais was an ultramontanists, but not a royalist • Pope essential to unity and perseverance of Catholic Christianity • Pope has a cultural role as preserver of faith; not one of pronouncing doctrine • Opposed by Gallicans, Royalists, and economic liberals

  13. L’Avinier • Newspaper started by Lamennais immediately after French Revolution against monarchy in July 1830 to promote his views of a liberal Catholic program: • Liberty of conscience; separation of church and State • Freedom of education and press • Universal suffrage • Decentralization of Government • These points became part of Belgian Constitutions • Rome (Gregory XVI) does not support Lamennais • Lamennais leaves the Church and joins radicals in revolution of 1848

  14. Pope Gregory XVI (1831-1846) • After Pius VII dies; succeeded by Leo XII, Pius VIII and then Gregory XVI; Camaldolese friar • Revolution of Italian nationalists broke out in Papal States 3 days after election • In 1831 Five Powers of Congress of Vienna (England, Austria, Russia, Prussia, France) tried to coerce Gregory XVI into reforming Papal States • Opposition to liberal trends in Catholicism: Mirari Vos and Singulari nos

  15. Pope Pius IX (1846-1878) • Pope Pius IX considered more liberal than Gregory XVI • Amnesty for political prisoners in Papal States • Started negotiations with some Italian political activists on a Federated Italy with Pope as head of State; Parliamentary system of Government • Significantly reduced censorship in Papal States • Jewish ghetto opened, Jews could worship anywhere in Rome

  16. Wars and Revolutions of 1848-1849 • French Revolution of 1848 brings Louis Napoleon to power • French, Austrian and Italian Republicans fight over unification of Italy • Pope Pius IX forced to flee Rome in 1849; could not return until French captured Rome • In 1850s Church is seen by many as bulwark of stability against rampant social unrest

  17. Reaction of Pius IX • Social, economic and political turmoil of ‘radical’ liberals causes Pius IX to rethink any accommodation toward liberalism • Declaration of dogma Immaculate Conception in 1854 in Ineffabilis • Magisterium of Churchmediated by Pope • This is how we know the Truth • Syllabus of Errors 1864

  18. Lourdes • Series of apparitions of Mary in 1858 to Bernadette Soubirous • Virgin tells Bernadette that she is the Immaculate Conception • Popular, grass roots devotion; Church hierarchy initially skeptical • Devotion grew rapidly; in 1908 (50th Anniversary) 400,000 people make pilgrimage to Lourdes • Railroads made this possible • What Did Lourdes Affirm for Pilgrims? • Faith over science • Stability and piety over radical politics and revolution • Infallibility of Papacy

  19. Critique of Bokenkotter • In a general history of Catholic Church, 90 pages devoted to first 7 Centuries; 250 pages devoted to 19th and 20th C • In those 250 pages, spends most of his time defending ‘liberalism’ against Papacy • Continually referring to Pius IX as Pio Nono • See the Appendix (531-533) on categorization of Cardinals; note what name is missing from papabili • Therefore I suggest only skimming Bokenkotter

  20. Assignments • Botenkotter, Chapter 25 and 26 • Francois Viscount de Chateaubriand Genius of Christianity, Book I, pp 43-70. • Pope Pius IX, Syllabus of Errors, available at http://www.ewtn.com/library/PAPALDOC/P9SYLL.HTM • Short Paper on early 19th C

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