1 / 41

RECAP

RECAP. Photosynthesis produces: Oxygen Sugar (glucose) How will these substances be used to make ATP for the organism?. Cellular Respiration. Chemical bond energy in food molecules is converted to a form that can be used by the cell (ATP). Energy stored in food is measured in calories

margaretcooper
Download Presentation

RECAP

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. RECAP • Photosynthesis produces: • Oxygen • Sugar (glucose) • How will these substances be used to make ATP for the organism?

  2. Cellular Respiration • Chemical bond energy in food molecules is converted to a form that can be used by the cell (ATP)

  3. Energy stored in food is measured in calories • Fats store more energy per gram than do carbohydrates and proteins

  4. Cellular Respiration may be: • Anaerobic: doesn’t require oxygen • Aerobic: requires oxygen

  5. Anaerobic Respiration • Makes a small amount of usable energy without using oxygen • Reactions occur in cytoplasm • Produces 2 ATP per glucose molecule

  6. Takes place in yeast, and bacteria • Can also occur in human muscle cells if no oxygen is present.

  7. Anaerobic Respiration Glycolysis: (sugar is “split”) Glucose is only partially broken down Not all of it’s stored energy is released C6H12O6 + 2 ATP → 2 pyruvic acid + 4 ATP (6-carbon)(3-carbon) Net gain of energy is 2 ATP Are produced Needed to start

  8. What Happens to Pyruvic Acid?

  9. What happens to Pyruvic Acid? • Fermentation of Alcohol • (Oxygen not present) C6H12O6→ Ethyl Alcohol + CO2 + 2ATP • Happens in Yeast • Pyruvic acid (from split glucose) is turned into ethyl alcohol and CO2 (carbon dioxide)

  10. Useful in the brewing and baking industries • Produces alcohol • Produces carbonation • Bubbles of CO2 make bread rise

  11. What happens to Pyruvic Acid? • Fermentation of Lactic Acid: • (Oxygen not present) C6H12O6→ Lactic Acid + 2ATP • Happens in some bacteria • Pyruvic acid (from split glucose) becomes lactic acid • Used to make cheese, yogurt and buttermilk

  12. GLYCOLYSIS Alcohol Fermentation Lactic Acid Fermentation

  13. Let’s Try This • Activity: Finger “Crunches” • As fast as possible crunch your fingers 100 times

  14. Lactic Acid buildup in human muscle cells • During intense exercise, if oxygen is not present, human muscle cells use anaerobic respiration to produce some energy, yielding lactic acid • Lactic acid builds up • Muscles eventually cramp up (burning feeling)

  15. Oxygen Debt: • Eventually Lactic acid goes to your liver where it is changed back into glucose which can be used again. • In order to convert the lactic acid, your body needs oxygen

  16. When You Die

  17. Anaerobic Respiration

  18. Glycolysis happens in cytoplasm • To produce more ATP, (if oxygen present) reactions must take place in the Mitochondria

  19. Mitochondria Structure

  20. Aerobic Respiration • Makes more ATP using oxygen • Occurs in mitochondria • Most eukaryotic organisms carry out aerobic respiration • Plants also carry out respiration!!!

  21. Glucose gets completely broken down to release energy • Releases more energy than anaerobic respiration (more energy efficient) • Most of the CO2 and H2O you exhale is produced from aerobic respiration C6H12O6 + O2→ CO2 + H2O + 36 ATP

  22. Aerobic Respiration Summary

  23. 3 Steps of Aerobic Respiration Step 1: Glycolysis • Same as in anaerobic respiration • Doesn’t require oxygen • Takes place in cytoplasm • Glucose is split producing 3-carbon pyruvic acid • Also produces NADH from NAD+ • This “carries” some high energy electrons and H+ • Net production of 2 ATP

  24. Step 2: Kreb’s Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) • Requires oxygen • Pyruvic acid from glycolysis enters mitochondria • Reactions occur in mitochondrial matrix • Produces high energy electron/hydrogen carriers • NADH and FADH2 (called coenzymes) • These molecules carry “H+” and high energy electrons • These will be used later to help produce more ATP • Produces CO2 gas • Produces 2 ATP

  25. Aerobic Respiration Summary

  26. Step 3: Electron Transport Chain • Requires oxygen • Occurs on inner membrane of mitochondria • Uses high energy electrons and H+ to convert ADP to ATP • Uses the NADH/FADH2 from glycolysis & Krebs cycle • Final electron & hydrogen acceptor is oxygen (which then becomes H2O which is released) • Produces 32 ATP!!! • Produces H2O

  27. Animation of Electron Transport Chain • Note that Oxygen is the final electron acceptor and accepts 2 H+ to become water! • http://vcell.ndsu.nodak.edu/animations/etc/movie-flash.htm

  28. Respiration Animation • http://www.qcc.cuny.edu/BiologicalSciences/Faculty/DMeyer/respiration.html

  29. Anaerobic Phase Doesn’t need O2 Aerobic Phase Needs O2

  30. Efficiency of Cellular Respiration Anaerobic: Yields 2 ATP per glucose • End products of fermentation still contain a lot of unused potential energy • Meets energy needs of simple organisms Aerobic: Yields 36 ATP per glucose • More efficient • 45% of the energy available in glucose is transferred to ATP where it can do further work for the cell • Note: Car engines only converts about 25% of the energy from gasoline

  31. Respiration of Fats and Proteins • Get broken down and converted into amino acids, glycerol and fatty acids • These can enter respiration pathway at different points • Fats yield twice as much ATP as glucose • Proteins yield about the same as glucose but are not the preferred energy source for the cell

  32. Evolution of Cellular Respiration • First life originated when there was hardly any oxygen in the atmosphere. (Probably prokaryotes with few organelles and no mitochondria) • Glycolysis was the first biochemical process to evolve • Happens in cytoplasm and no oxygen needed.

  33. Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration • How are these two processes related to each other? • In a typical plant cell describe the way energy is obtained and utilized through both photosynthetic and respiration processes. • Include the materials that need to be taken in and released

  34. Comparing Photosynthesis and Respiration

More Related