RECAP

1. “Great nations write their autobiographies in three manuscripts: The Book of Their Deeds, The Book of Their Words, and The Book of Their Arts. Not one of these books can be understoon unless we read the other two, but of the three, the only trustworthy one is the last.”

2. RECAP • Sound • Musical tones • Noise tones • Tone • Pitch • Duration • Intensity • Timbre • Melody • Disjunct • Conjunct • Rhythm • Meter • Measure • Time Signature • Notes • Rests • Tempo • Accelerando • Ritardando • Harmony • Chord • Consonant • Dissonant • Texture • Monophonic • Polyphonic

3. Performance Media of Music • Voices • Musical Instruments • The Orchestra

4. Voices • Vocal chords vibrate with air expelled from the lungs, which is controlled by the lower abdominal muscles and the diaphragm. • A singer uses a wider range of pitch and volume that is found in regular speech. • To become a professional singer takes years of intensive practice for control of the voice, to extend the range of the voice, and to be able to fuse words and music in an acceptable manner.

5. Voices • Men and women have voices that vary in range. • Rangeis the ability to reach high or low notes. • Longer vocal chords produce a lower range • Shorter vocal chords produce higher sounds

6. Voices • Men’s vocal cords, being longer, produce a lower range. • An untrained voice ranges about 1 ½ octaves while a trained voice has a range of 2 octaves or more. • Men’s voices range from tenor (high) and baritone, to bass (lowest). • Women’s voices are soprano, mezzo-soprano, and alto

7. Musical Instruments • String • Woodwind • Brass • Percussion • Keyboard • Electric • Computers • Non-western Instruments • The Orchestra

8. String • The string instruments produce sound through the vibration of stings. • The sounds are made by drawing a bow across the strings, plucking them with the fingers, or by strumming.

9. String • The pitch of the tone produced depends on several things: • The construction of the instrument • The length of the strings • The thickness of the strings • The tautness of the stings. • Pressing the strings against the fingerboard

10. String • The highest pitched stringed instrument is the violin. • Other forms of the violin are the viola, cello, and double bass. • All use a bow to vibrate the strings

11. Violin and Viola • The violin and the viola are played by being positioned on the shoulder.

12. Violin

13. Viola

14. Which is which?

15. Cello and Double Bass • The cello rests on the floor and is held with the knees. • The bass instrument stands on the floor with the player slightly to the back.

16. Cello

17. Double Bass

18. What’s the difference?

19. String • Stringed instruments that are strummed or plucked with the fingers are: • Guitar • Bass • Banjo • Ukelele • Mandolin • These instruments are often associated with folk music.

20. Guitar

21. Bass

22. Banjo

23. Ukulele

24. Mandolin

25. String • The harp is an instrument that is also plucked. • Varies in size • The player sits with the harp close to the knees so that the pedals that rest on the floor can be easily reached. • The pedals control the pitch as well as the softness of the notes.

26. Harp