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Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, Second Edition

Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, Second Edition. Chapter 11 Common Administrative Tasks. Objectives. Set up, manage, and print to printers on a Linux system Understand the purpose of log files and how they are administered

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Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, Second Edition

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  1. Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, Second Edition Chapter 11 Common Administrative Tasks

  2. Objectives • Set up, manage, and print to printers on a Linux system • Understand the purpose of log files and how they are administered • Create, modify, manage, and delete user and group accounts using command-line and graphical utilities Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  3. Printer Administration: The Common UNIX Printing System • Common Unix Printing System (CUPS): Most common printing system used on Linux • Print job: Set of information sent to a printer • File, set of files, output of a command • lp command: Sends a print job to a printer Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  4. Printer Administration: The Common UNIX Printing System (continued) • cups daemon (cupsd): Responsible for printing in CUPS printing system • Print job ID: Print job’s unique identifier • Print queue: Directory holding print jobs waiting to be printed • Typically /var/spool/cups Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  5. Printer Administration: The Common UNIX Printing System (continued) • Printer can accept or reject request to print • If rejected, CUPS gives an error message • Spooling or queuing: Accepting print jobs into a print queue • Printing: Sending print jobs from print queue to a printer Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  6. Printer Administration: The Common UNIX Printing System (continued) • lpstat command: With –t (total) option, lists all printers and their status • accept, reject, enable, and disable commands: Manipulate status of a printer • For enable, must specify full path enable command (/usr/bin/enable) Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  7. Printer Administration: The Common UNIX Printing System (continued) Figure 11-1: The print process Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  8. Managing Print Jobs • lp –d command: Print to a specified printer • If –d option omitted, prints to default printer • lpoptions –d command: Set default printer • Users can set own default printer • Add to .lpoptions file in home directory Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  9. Managing Print Jobs (continued) • lp command accepts information from stdin • lpstat command can list print jobs in queue for a printer • cancel command: Remove print jobs from print queue • lpadmin command: Perform printer administration • e.g., restrict who can print to specific printers Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  10. Managing Print Jobs (continued) Table 11-1: Common options to the lp command Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  11. Managing Print Jobs (continued) Table 11-2: Common options to the lpstat command Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  12. The LPD Printing System • Line Printer Daemon (LPD): Printing system used on older Linux systems • lpr command: Create print jobs in print queue • lpc command: View status of printers • lpq command: View print jobs in print queue • lprm command: Remove print jobs Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  13. Configuring Printers • /etc/cups/cupsd.conf: Contains cupsd settings • /etc/cups/printers.conf: Contains each printer’s configuration information • Printer Configuration tool: Used to configure printers • e.g., Add new printers • Configures queue, not printer Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  14. Configuring Printers (continued) Figure 11-2: The Printer Configuration tool Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  15. Configuring Printers (continued) Figure 11-3: Specifying the name of a new printer Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  16. Configuring Printers (continued) Figure 11-5: Different queue types available for a new printer Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  17. Configuring Printers (continued) • For local printers, must choose printer port • Such as /dev/lp0 • For remote printers, specify name or IP address of remote server, printer name, or printer port • Enable sharing as needed • CUPS can automatically search for other shared CUPS printers • Allow remote computers to print using the LPD protocol Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  18. Configuring Printers (continued) Figure 11-6: Selecting the printer model for a new printer Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  19. Configuring Printers (continued) Figure 11-7: Completing the creation of a new printer Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  20. Configuring Printers (continued) Figure 11-8: View a configured printer Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  21. Configuring Printers (continued) Figure 11-9: Sharing a printer to network users Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  22. Configuring Printers (continued) Figure 11-10: Specifying shared printer options Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  23. Log File Administration • Log file: File containing system information • /var/log: Contains most log files • Many programs store log files in subdirectories Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  24. Log File Administration (continued) Table 11-3: Common Linux log files found in /var/log Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  25. The System Log Daemon • System log daemon (syslogd): Logs system events • Uses /etc/syslog.conf file • Entries indicate what information to write to what log file Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  26. The System Log Daemon (continued) • Facility: Area of system that information is gathered from • Priority: Importance of system information Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  27. The System Log Daemon (continued) Table 11-4: Facilities used by the System Log Daemon Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  28. The System Log Daemon (continued) Table 11-5: Priorities used by the log daemon Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  29. Managing Log Files • Log files can take up unnecessary space • Clear contents occasionally • Print copy for records • Use > redirection symbol • Do not remove log files • Permissions and ownership will be removed Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  30. Managing Log Files (continued) • logrotate command: Back up and clear log files • /etc/logrotate.conf: Used by logrotate utility • Specifies rotation parameters for log files • Log files compressed after rotation Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  31. Administering Users and Groups • Authentication: Verify user’s identity • Compare username and password to system database • Database containing user account information typically consists of two files: • /etc/passwd: User account information • Previously stored password information • /etc/shadow: Encrypted password information • pwconv command: Convert system to use an /etc/shadow file for encrypted password storage Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  32. Administering Users and Groups (continued) • pwunconv command: Revert back to using an /etc/passwd file only • User Identifier (UID): Unique user ID for a user • Group Identifier (GID): Primary group ID for each user • Primary group: Group owner for all files created by a user • Specified in /etc/passwd file Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  33. Administering Users and Groups (continued) • General Electric Comprehensive Operating System (GECOS): Field in /etc/passwd file containing user account description • Root user usually listed at top of /etc/passwd file • /etc/shadow: Password field contains encrypted password • /etc/passwd: Password field contains an x (not used) Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  34. Administering Users and Groups (continued) • Passwords often set to expire at certain intervals • Intervals specified in /etc/shadow • /etc/group file: Lists all groups and their members • Allows users to belong to multiple groups • Password field usually contains an x Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  35. Creating User Accounts • useradd command: Add new user accounts • Most new user information comes from two files: • /etc/login.defs: • E-mail location, password expiration, minimum password length, range of UIDs and GIDs • /etc/default/useradd: • default primary group, home directory location, password expiration info, shell, skeleton directory Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  36. Creating User Accounts (continued) • Skeleton directory: Contains files to copy to new users’ home directories • Usually /etc/skel • Mostly environment files • passwd command: Set a user’s password • If no arguments, sets current user’s password • User accounts must have password set to log on • Root user can change any user’s password Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  37. Creating User Accounts (continued) Table 11-6: Common options to the useradd command Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  38. Modifying User Accounts • usermod command: Modify user account information • chage command: Modify password expiration information • Locking an account: Make an account temporarily unusable • Alter password information • chsh command: Change a valid shell to an invalid shell Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  39. Modifying User Accounts (continued) Table 11-7: Common options to the usermod command Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  40. Deleting User Accounts • userdel command: Remove user accounts • When an account is deleted, files previously owned by the user become owned by a number representing UID of deleted user • Next user with that UID will own the files Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  41. Managing Groups • groupadd command: Add a group to the system • groupmod command: Modify GID name of a group on the system • groupdel command: Remove a group from the system Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  42. Managing Groups (continued) • groups command: List groups that a user belongs to • id command: List GIDs of groups that a user belongs to • newgrp command: Temporarily change user’s primary group • Graphical utilities exist to create, modify, and delete user and group accounts Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

  43. Managing Groups (continued) Figure 11-11: Configure users and groups with a desktop environment Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

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