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The Story of English Alan D. DeSantis

The Story of English Alan D. DeSantis. In The Beginning . . . Indo-European Language. 1) The Start of the Indo-European Language 2) The Spread of Indo-European Language By 3500 BC, these IE speakers began to travel. We get the start of many of the world’s languages These people spread:.

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The Story of English Alan D. DeSantis

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  1. The Story of EnglishAlan D. DeSantis

  2. In The Beginning . . . Indo-European Language • 1) The Start of the Indo-European Language • 2) The Spread of Indo-European Language • By 3500 BC, these IE speakers began to travel. • We get the start of many of the world’s languages • These people spread: 4 Stone Seals

  3. The Spread of Indo-European Languages

  4. A look at the spread and dominance of the Indo-European Languages

  5. The Great Language Tree

  6. The First English (kind of) • 3) The Celtics • A. The first of these groups to go to England were the Celts • B. Only about a dozen words are still in use • C. After a few early invasions, the Celts pushed West Not much remains

  7. The Italians (thank God!!!) • 4) The Invading Romans • A. The Romans invaded UK and the Celts • B. Roman invasion in Britain left only 5 words. • C. The Romans soon left (why stay in England when you have Italy!) • D. The Real Shocker: • Everywhere the Roman Empire went, they left the “Latin” language Hail Caesar

  8. The Invasion of England by the Germanic Tribes

  9. The Germans are Coming! • 5) The Anglos, Saxons, and Jutes • A. Around 450 AD, The Angles (gave us “A[E]nglish”), Saxons (dominant group), and the Jutes came from Holland, Germany, and Denmark. • B. After years of being isolate, their 3 languages started to blend together and develop into a brand new language--Old English!!

  10. The Germans are Coming! • C. What is left from old Anglo/Saxon (Old English) : • Most of Anglo/Saxon died out • Yet, those surviving words are the most fundamental • Man, wife, child, brother, sister, live, fight, love, drink, sleep, eat, house, through, look, walk, shoot, ground, meat, today, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, to, for, but, and, at, in, on. • Four of the tribe’s gods: Tue, Wardon, Thor, Frick • Saturday, Sunday, and Monday come from the planets

  11. The Christians • 6) The Christians with their Latin • A. In 597 AD, Christianity brought its huge Latin vocabulary to England (thanks to Augustine). • B. We also get . . . our dominant religion Augustine

  12. Here Comes Trouble! The Viking Invasion

  13. Here Comes Trouble, again! • 7) Vikings (750-1050 AD) • A. The Vikings invaded the Northern part of England • B. The Vikings were very aggressive • C. English almost died out without a trace • D. To this day, the treaty line divides Northern and Southern English Dialects • E. Over 1500 Viking words still survive: • Anger, bag, bait, birth, club, die, dirt, egg, husband, knife, law, skate, skill, skin, sky, they, their, ugly, want, weak, window Let’s rape & pillage

  14. The French Occupation of England

  15. They gave us more than just French Fries • 8) The French Normans • A. The Famous 1066 invasion of William the Conqueror • B. They Became the New Elite Leaders of England • C. Their addition to English: • The French speaking Normans gave English 10,000 words (3/4 of which are still in use) • Just about all our words related to government (except King and Queen), the law, the arts, medicine, high fashion, and the military are French • Bacon, beef, butcher, button, court, crime, curfew, defeat, eagle, fashion, felony, fraud, gallon, grammar, injury, joy, judge, jury, justice, lever, liberty, marriage, noun, nurse, parliament, pork, prison, question, rape, river, salary, shop, spy, squirrel, syllable, tax, virgin • D. The Blending of the Two Worlds (and languages)

  16. adieu à la carte à propos avant-garde bon appétit bon voyage debutante déjà vu esprit de corps Fiancé (he) fiancée (she) hors d'oeuvre laissez-faire nouveau riche papier mâché protégé risqué RSVP touché Cooking terms: blanch (from blanchir => to bleach), sauté (fried over high heat), fondue (melted), purée (crushed), flambée (burned) To this day, French sounds like the language of the rich and ruling class:

  17. The 1066 Battle of Hastings William the Conqueror (French) Defeated the Saxons (Germans)

  18. Some Other Influences that Changed English (and you)

  19. Other Contributions to English • Shakespeare • Used 34,000 words—8% were never used before • Average educated 16,000 / King James Bible 8,000 • Coined 2,000 words: barefaced, critical, leapfrog, monumental, castigate, majestic, obscene, frugal, radiance, dwindle, countless, submerged, excellent, fretful, gust, hint, hurry, lonely, summit, pendant, obscene, and some 1, 685 others • Coined many Phrases: One fell swoop, In my minds eye, To be in a pickle, Vanish into thin air, Budge an inch, Play fast and loose, Flesh and Blood, To be or not to be, Foul play, Cruel to be kind I am the man

  20. Algonquin Caribou, Massachusetts, Missouri, moccasins, Oregon, pecan, raccoon, tomahawk, Wisconsin, Wyoming Iroquois Kentucky, Ohio, Canada Arabic Albatross, alcohol, algebra, almanac, assassin, average, caramel, coffee, cork, cotton, garbage, giraffe, jar, magazine, mattress, mirror, monkey, safari, sheriff, soda, sofa, syrup, tariff, zenith, zero Other Worldly Contributions to English

  21. Dutch Bluff, boom, booze, boss, brandy, Brooklyn, bully, caboose, coleslaw, cookie, deck, decoy, dock, dot, drill, drug, grab, Harlem, hustle, jeer, landscape, lottery, pickle, plug, plump, poll, Poppycock, quack, Santa Claus, cab, stove, tub, waffle, wagon, yacht, Yankee Parisian French A la cart, ballet, biscuit, cache, camouflage, crayon, dentist, espionage, laissez faire, lieutenant, maroon, mayonnaise, nasal, parachute, picnic, pioneer, renaissance, rendezvous, restaurant, sabotage, soup, souvenir, sport, tampon, tangerine, traffic, umpire, unique Other Worldly Contributions to English

  22. Modern German Blitz, brake, clock, clown, dollar, hamburger, heroin, kindergarten, lager, luck, muffin, nickel, noodle, pretzel, quartz, rocket, vitamin, waltz Spanish Argentina, bonanza, canyon, Colorado, embargo, Florida, guitar, lunch, patio, ranch, rodeo, stampede, tornado, tuna, vanilla Sanskrit Brilliant, candy, hemp, nirvana, opal, orange, pepper, sugar, swastika, yoga Other Worldly Contributions to English

  23. Italian A cappella, alarm, America, bank, bankrupt, bravo, broccoli, buffoon, canon, cartoon, casino, desk, ditto, escort, ghetto, graffiti, macaroni, Mafia, manager, opera, pasta, piano, pizza, risk, semolina, solo, soprano, studio, spaghetti, umbrella, violin, volcano Kongo(West Africa) Bongo, boogie, chimpanzee, funky, gorilla, mojo, zebra, zombie Portuguese Bossa Nova, breeze, caste, cobra, Creole, embarrass, fetish, flamingo, massage Other Worldly Contributions to English

  24. Hebrew Amen, cider, cinnamon, elephant, gopher, hallelujah, Israel, Jew, jockey, jug, messiah, Nimrod, rabbi, Sabbath, sapphire, Satan, sodomy Provençal(S. France) Ballad, boutique, cabin, cavalier, cocoon, crusade, fig, Harlequin, limousine, lingo, mascot, nutmeg, perfume, pilgrim, salad, sonnet Other Worldly Contributions to English

  25. Latin Agitator, album, animal, August, autumn, calendar, circus, data, doctor, December, educator, February, France, Germany, Greece, inch, joke, July, June, Jupiter, liberator, London, March, Mars, May, Mercury, mile, November, October, parent, pastor, picture, penis, refrigerate, religion, republic, satellite, September, Spain, stadium, study, stupid, suburb, table, tavern, vagina Many of these also appear in the Romance Languages Greek Academy, acrobat, alphabet, aristocrat, athlete, barbarian, bishop, buffalo, cathedral, catholic, cemetery, chorus, Christ, democracy, dinosaur, diploma, drama, economy, genesis, gymnasium, helicopter, history, horizon, idea, mathematics, method, museum, mystery, ocean, Olympic, panic, prophet, psalm, psycho-, pyramid, rhythm, symphony, tele-, theater, theatre, theory Other Worldly Contributions to English (the 2 biggies)

  26. Other Worldly Contributions to English • Afrikaans: Slim • Avestan(extinct from Iran): Magic and Paradise • Bilti(Pakistan): Polo • Benton(West France): Billiards • Carib(Caribbean): Barbecue • Czech: Robot • Flemish(North Belgium): Gas • Hindi: Shampoo • Latvian: Sleazy • Maya: Cigar • Nahuatl(Mexico): Chocolate & Tomato • Tongan(South Pacific): Taboo

  27. Some Closing thoughts • 1) English is a mongrel language made up of a little of everything from everywhere • 2) English is a NEW language. • 3) The English Vocabulary Huge (or big, large, ample, great, prodigious, immense, elephantine, elephantine, towering, gargantuan, gigantic, massive, monolithic, voluminous, tremendous, Herculean) • That is in larger part due to all the invasions & borrowing • We have a synonyms for everything • 4) From its humble roots, English has become the world’s #1 “killer” language.

  28. And this is only countries that speak English as their 1st language. Many more speak English as their 2nd.

  29. Now. . . To America!!!

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