THE STORY OF ENGLISH

1. THE STORY OF ENGLISH …..from yesterday till today Irene Jankowiak, Rosendalsgymnasiet, Uppsala – www.lektion.se

2. Every language undergoes continuous changes………..

3. violent encounters or by peaceful exchanges between people

4. THE CELTIC INFLUENCE -2000 years ago(650 B.C.), from central Europe -set up homes in the south of England around Surrey and Kent -they spoke Celtic, a language very different from present-day English, but with the same roots, the Indo-European family of languages. -traces can still be heard in Wales(Welsh), Ireland(Irish Gaelic) and Scotland(Scottish Gaelic). -Celtic loan words: London – York – Cardiff – Thames –Stratford upon Avon(Avon=river in Celtic)

5. The Roman influence • The romans, under the emperor Claudius, invaded England and made it a Roman province called Brittania, in AD 43. • They never established permanent settlements further north of than where Hadrain´s wall is, south of the Scottish border. You can still find traces of it today. • The Romans mixed with the Celts and they brought Latin influences to the language. • Roman loan words: strata=street, wine, pound, rose, plum, abbot, pope, monk, angel.

6. The influence of the Angelsand Saxons • About 450 AD, the Angels(a Germanic people from southern Denmark) and the Saxons(north of Germany)invaded England. • The Celts and the descendants of the Roman settlers were driven out into the corners of the island, like Cornwall. • New influences were brought to the English language, the Anglo-Saxon replaced, gradually, the Celtic language. • Anglo-Saxon is the root of today´s English, also called Old English. • The Saxons(Wessex, Sussex, Kent) and The Angels(Northumberland and East Anglia), lived in peace, showed respect for each other´s territories. • Everyday words, father, house, eat, sleep, drink, sheep, cow.

7. The Vikings are coming!

8. The influence of the Vikings • Viking raids, mainly from Denmark and Norway. • The end of the 8th century. • Settlements in northern and eastern Britain and Ireland. • Old Norse, the name of the language of the Vikings. • Own territories, called the Danelaw. Northe and east of a line along the road from London to Chester. • The city of York, called Jorvik.

9. Between 1016 and 1035, king Canute(Knud) king of the northern empire,consisting of Denmark, Norway, Scotland and large parts of England. • Mixed with the Angels and Saxons. • Old English and Old Norse very similar. Many words identical, like man, father, house, folk, life, thing etc. • There are Scandinavian loan words, husband, window(vindue), cake, egg, rotten, sly, smile, skin, they, their, then, die, give etc.

10. The Norman Conquest 1066

11. 1066, the battle in Hastings Sussex. • Invaders from Normandy(France). • Led by the Duke of Normandy, referred to as William the Conqueror. • The single most important event in English history. • Fundamental changes: England became more closely tied to France and the European continent, and at the same time moved away from the Scandinavian influence. • Norman French, became the language of power and prestige and remained so for at least two hundred years. French was fashionable among English people. • French loan words, army, castle, government, saint, fashion, art, music, poem.

12. And....???

13. LATIN, LATIN, LATIN • 1000-1500 • 17TH CENTURY • TODAY´S TECHNOLOGY OR NEW INVENTIONS AND DISCOVERIES OFTHEN WORDS WHICH ORIGINATE IN LATIN e.g. computer, processor, radioactive, pencillin, vitamin.

14. The spread of British English • 17th and 18th centuries British navigators sailed across the seas with the aim of extending Britain´s power and prosperity. • New territories were colonised, taking the language wih them. • The first New world settlement, Jamestown in 1607, Canada was won from the French in 1763. During the 17th century British rule was established in the West Indian island of Antigua, Barbados, Jamaica , St Kitts ad Trinidad and Tobago. Australia and New Zealand 1768-1779, South Africa, rest of Africa(Kenya, Tanzania, Zimbabwe)and India 1750. • English was imposed as the official language of the new colonies, but often words from the local languages started to trickle into the English of the colonisers. • Examples: barbecue and cannibal from the Caribbean and bungalow, shampoo from India.

15. THE SPREAD OF AMERICAN ENGLISH

16. British colonisation over a period of three centuries scattered the English language to all the continents of the world. • But the spread of American English in the 20th century has contributed most to the increasing number of English-speakers in the world today. • In the 1770s the English spoken by the colonists hardly differed from the English spoken in Britain, but……… • Mass immigration speeded up the peace of change. • Irish, Germans, Scandinavians, Chinese, Poles, Russians, Mexicans, Hungarians and Jews flooded into what has become the melting pot of American society. • American English shows many traces of the languages the immigrants originally spoke, e.g. zucchini, bagel, smorgardsbord, strudel • The last 50 years an enormous number of Spanish-speaking immigrants. • Words that have crept into the language – amigo, taco, ranch and lasso.

17. The Future???? Irene Jankowiak Rosendalsgymnasiet Uppsala