Jefferson's Presidency

1. Jefferson's Presidency

2. 1800Page 168 Section 3 • Privately called his election the “revolution of 1800” • Thought Hamilton and Washington acted like royalty • Worked to create a more informal style for presidency • Ex: instead of formal receptions, intimate (friendly) dinners with a circular table Why might the shape of the table make a difference to Jefferson? “when brought together in society, all are perfectly equal”

3. Federalism vs. Anti-Federalism • Jefferson did not overturn all Federalist policies • Worked to integrate (combine) Republican ideas with existing Federalist policies in a few instances • However, Jefferson still hoped to limit federal power

4. Change • Began paying off federal debts • Cut government spending • Ended the whiskey tax • Planned on shrinking the army and relying on local militia How did these changes reflect or reinforce Jefferson and the Democratic-Republican’s anti-federalist beliefs?

5. Economics • Federalists expected that Jefferson would close the national bank they worked to create • Jefferson named Albert Gallatin Secretary of the Treasury • Gallatin supported Hamilton’s system

6. Goals of Expansion • Jefferson strongly believed a republic (like the U.S.) would only survive if most people owned land • Led Jefferson to support expanding the country farther west

7. Causes for Concern • 1800 Napoleon Bonaparte struck a deal with Spain • France got the Louisiana territory back in exchange for helping Spain take control of a part of Italy • Jefferson was concerned because this gave France control of the lower Mississippi • He believed this would force U.S. into an alliance with the British • Jefferson “despised”(hated) the British

8. Pre-Louisiana Purchase • In order to avoid an alliance with Britain, Jefferson tried to block the French and Spanish deal and/or gain concessions • Sent Robert Livingston (a U.S. Ambassador) to Paris, France in 1801 • Unsuccessful until 1803, when Napoleon began planning to conquer Europe

9. Louisiana Purchase • In 1803, Napoleon wanted to avoid a British-American alliance in case France went to war with Britain • Also, France was low on funds • Napoleon offered to sell the Louisiana territory and New Orleans to the U.S. • Livingston accepted the deal immediately

10. Louisiana Purchase • April 30, 1803 U.S. officially bought Louisiana territory for 11.25 million dollars plus an additional 3.75 million dollars of French debts owed to American citizens equaling 3.75 million • Total cost about 15 million • Senate approved • basically doubled the size of the United States • Also, gave America complete control of the Mississippi river

13. Testing our Knowledge

14. Lewis and Clark • Prior to the Louisiana Purchase Jefferson asked congress to fund a secret expedition into the Louisiana territory • Wanted the explorers to follow the Missouri River and find a route to the Pacific Ocean • After Congress approved the expedition Jefferson selected Meriwether Lewis (Jefferson’s secretary) and William Clark (brother of Revolutionary War hero George Rogers Clark) to head the journey

15. “Corps of Discovery” • Name of the Lewis and Clark expedition • During the journey they met Sacagawea a Shoshone woman who went along as a guide and interpreter • Found a path through the Rocky Mountains and traced the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean • Expedition also gave U.S. claim to the Oregon territory (along the coast)

16. Sacagawea and York York -saved Clark’s life after a flash flood in the Missouri River, made several other contributions as well Sacagawea- served as a guide and interpreter

17. The Pike Expedition • Zebulon Pike –mapped the upper Mississippi • Charted what is now known as Pike’s Peak in Colorado • Mapped part of the Rio Grande • Overall, gave detailed description of the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains

18. The Essex Junto • Louisiana Purchase worried New England Federalists • Region would lose influence in national affairs • South and West would gain states giving them more political power • Small group of Federalists known as the Essex Junto drafted a plan to take New England out of the Union • The Junto persuaded vice president Aaron Burr to run for governor of NY in hopes of expanding their movement

19. Aaron Burr Alexander Hamilton

20. The Duel • Burr decided to run • During Burr’s Campaign Hamilton called Burr “a dangerous man, and one who ought not be trusted with the reins of government” • Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel • June 11, 1804 the two met • Burr shot Hamilton who died the next day

22. An Independent Judiciary • Towards the end of Adams presidency Congress passed the Judiciary Act of 1801 • Created 16 new federal judge positions • Adams then appointed Federalist judges to these positions • These judges were called the “midnight judges” • Because Adams stayed up to midnight during his last day in office signing these appointments

23. Republican Response • Republicans were angry that the Federalists controlled the courts • When Jefferson took office he repealed the Judiciary Act of 1801 • This took away the positions given to the “midnight judges”

24. Impeachments • Republicans then tried to remove additional Federalists judges through the process of impeachment • They believed that: • the power of impeachment was one of the checks and balances established in the Constitution • Congress could impeach judges as well as have them removed for “arbitrary”(random or biased) or “unfair” reasons and not just for breaking the law

25. Precedent • 1804 the House of Representatives impeached Supreme Court Justice, Samuel Chase • During one trial he ordered Democratic-Republicans removed from the jury • He spoke badly about Jefferson to another jury • However, the Senate did not convict him • A number of senators did not believe he committed “treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors” required in the Constitution for his removal • Since Chase was impeached but not convicted, his case determined that future judges could only be removed for criminal acts

26. Chief Justice John Marshall • Adams most significant judicial appointment • Served as Chief Justice 34 years • Largely credited for making the Supreme Court a major branch of the federal government • Largely through the case Marbury vs. Madison

27. Marbury vs. Madison (Background) • William Marbury (Federalist) was appointed by John Adams who signed his commission and sealed it with the official government seal the last night of his presidency • However, it had been left for the next secretary of state (James Madison) to deliver • Newly elected President Jefferson told Madison not to deliver it • Marbury sued for his commission as a Justice of the Peace based of off a part of the Judiciary Act of 1789

28. Marbury vs. Madison (Ruling) • “Requests for federal court orders go directly to the Supreme Court” • Marbury asked the court to “issue a court order” forcing Madison to deliver the documents • Court declared that this portion of the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional (now invalid) • Directly goes against a portion of the Constitution • Constitution does not state that court orders are a type of case that goes directly to the Supreme Court • This marked the first time Judicial Review was used by the Supreme Court

29. Marbury vs. Madison (Results) • Madison did not have to deliver the commission to Marbury • But more importantly, the Supreme Court established their power to determine whether a law is constitutional • If not constitutional they can “strike it down” (end that law)

30. Pirates

31. The Barbary States

32. The Barbary Pirates • Jefferson had to deal with pirates raiding American ships in the Mediterranean • These acts of piracy were state-sponsored by Barbary States along the Northern Coast of Africa (Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, & Tripoli) • European countries paid “tribute” (bribes) to these Barbary States • In exchange the pirates would leave their ships alone • Thought it was less expensive than fighting

33. Barbary Pirates • 1795, U.S. paid almost one-million dollars to the leader of Algiers to release one ship with its crew • Jefferson had enough of this before becoming president • He refused any more payments • Tripoli declared war on U.S. in 1801 • Jefferson sent some of the navy to the Mediterranean region • Marks the first foreign military conflict in U.S. history

34. Military success • 1805, America had posed a legitimate threat of a coup (rebellion) within Tripoli • The government in Tripoli backed off • America no longer had to pay tribute after another military conflict between the U.S. and the Barbary States in 1815

35. “Economic Warfare” • 1803 Napoleon’s armies were at war with Britain (again) • Good for U.S. merchants at first • Traded with French Colonies since French ships were being attacked by British Navy • U.S. claimed neutrality and Britain left U.S. ships alone until… • 1806 Britain issued the Orders in Council • All ships going to Europe must have British licenses and would be searched for contraband (illegal imports)

36. Napoleon’s Response • Anybody who follows Britain’s shipping regulations will have their goods (on their ships) confiscated by the French • Lose- Lose situation for American Merchants

37. America not Impressed • British navy short on men • low pay and poor conditions • British sailors often escaped to American ships • Britain attempted to solve their shrinking navy through impressment : • A legalized form of kidnapping that forced people into military service • Britain stopped American ships and searched for deserters(runaways), often taking American citizens also

38. Final Straw • June 1807 British warship called the Leopard stopped an American warship called the Chesapeake • British searching for deserters • U.S. captain refused to cooperate • British opened fire killing three Americans • U.S. surrendered and the British took four U.S. soldiers

39. The Embargo Act 1807 • U.S. press now spoke of war • In hopes of avoiding war, Jefferson urged congress to pass the Embargo Act 1807 • Embargo- government forbids trade with another country/countries • This act hurt the U.S. more than Britain or France • Northeast-shipping business halted • South and West-demand for their crops dropped dramatically

40. Repeal • In March 1809, Towards the end of Jefferson’s second term , congress repealed the Embargo Act of 1807 • This embargo made Jefferson’s popularity plummet • Jefferson returned to Monticello, his estate in Virginia after completing his second term as president • Succeeded in limiting some of the powers of the federal government • More than Doubled the size of the U.S. with the Louisiana Purchase

41. Monticello