Greek Arts and Euripides

1. Greek Arts andEuripides Week 13

2. Week 17: final exam • 33 questions [fill-in the blanks; from weekly journal, weekly quotes, and lecture notes (PPT) ] • All in English

3. Term-paper/ week 18 • (1)集結每周寫的小組討論與反思週記，可增加自我反省本學期學習的歷程等。 • (2)撰寫一篇短文，探討與倫理學或美學相關的主題，可從本學期閱讀的文本和討論的題目中再延伸發揮。(中文約2000字， 1000 words in English) • (3)自由創作: 詩，散文，小說，漫畫，劇本…. (中英文皆可，自由發揮!) • (4)合訂成小冊，編目錄。

4. 希臘藝術的特質 希臘人富於民主思想和創造精神的天性，個性活潑開放情，崇尚運動，追求自由自在的樂趣。因此藝術表現上呈現出充滿健康、自然、樂觀、優雅等的特質，而有別於近東藝術那種超自然的、宗教的神祕感。在同一個時代，近東藝術中，作者只是奉命行事去完成，作品中沒有個人的創意也不留名，可是到了希臘時代，個人地位提昇，藝術品的製作者才逐漸受重視並留有名字。

5. 希臘藝術的特質 希臘人因其唯美、唯善觀及優美之地埋、氣候環境，故追求完美，此種完美之要求亦及於人體及生活；再因其有優美之氣候與環境，對於戶外活動亦極為熱衷，於是有各種競賽、體能活動及奧林匹克運動會。

6. Ex. 雕刻 早期希臘雕刻受到埃及和近東各國的影響 直到「黑暗時代」過後，希臘人的雕刻開始建立自己的風貌，展開蓬勃的發展，並對往後歐洲藝術產生極大的影響。 希臘雕刻的風貌，主要靠文獻上的記載和羅馬時代的仿製品而得知；由於年代久遠、歷經戰亂和人為破壞，大部份原作己所剩無幾。

7. 雕刻 希臘的雕刻和 建築，是互為一體的，例如神廟建築上的破風雕刻﹝山形牆雕刻﹞或浮雕飾 帶、墓碑上的浮雕……等。 除了和建築相結合之外，獨立性的雕像也很可觀， 其創作泉源來自「人體美」，是歷史上「裸體雕刻」的創始。 http://vr.theatre.ntu.edu.tw/hlee/course/th9_1000/open-08-broadcast.htm

8. 米隆﹝Myron﹞之擲鐵餅者﹝Discus-Thrower﹞ 年代：450 B.C.

9. 希臘之繪畫四個時期 由器皿上的彩繪來看 ﹝一﹞幾何形風格（約 11OO ─ 7OO B.C.） ﹝二﹞東方風格（約 75O ─ 6OO B.C.） ﹝三﹞黑體人像繪畫（約 7OO ─ 5OO B.C.） ﹝四﹞紅體人像繪畫（約5OO B.C.） http://vr.theatre.ntu.edu.tw/hlee/course/th9_1000/open-08-broadcast.htm

10. ﹝一﹞幾何形風格（約 11OO ─ 7OO B.C.） 這是希臘本土構成性裝飾的表現，在陶甕上畫滿告種簡單而有規則的幾何圖飾，這類型的作品起初都沒有人物的裝飾圖案，直到西元前第八世紀才有明確的人物形象出現。

11. ﹝二﹞東方風格（約 75O ─ 6OO B.C.） 早期的陶甕仍採用幾何圖案，由於當時希臘和近東地區商務接觸而產生的風格，以故事作為描繪的內容，人物、動物成為裝飾的主題，輪廓明確，筆觸肯定，造型生動，作品尺寸隨之增大。

12. ﹝三﹞黑體人像繪畫（約 7OO ─ 5OO B.C.） 此種畫風存在於古樸時期至公元前六世紀末葉。以雕刻家埃司克埃斯﹝Exekias﹞之作品，題為「埃加士與艾契列士下棋」﹝Ajax & Achilles Playing Draughts﹞之陶罐為例，其特色為表面光滑、人體皆為黑色、尖鼻大眼、布局均衡、人物之腳部均在同一半畫面上、無景深，並有幾何形圖案。在公元前六世紀末葉左右，希臘陶工與畫工在社會中已漸有相當地位、故多在其作品上署名。

13. 埃 年代：540 B.C. 說明：黑體人像繪畫

14. ﹝四﹞紅體人像繪畫（約5OO B.C.） 公元前五世紀左右，紅體人像繪畫逐漸取代黑體人像繪畫。人物皆為紅色，所有人物之立足點已非同在一水平線上，而係分布在並不規則之層次，與重疊之人物共同產生遠近距離之感覺，同時各人物皆有不同之動作，頗具動感。對人體之處理方面，與黑人物畫風相較，較為活潑、寫實，而非生硬、規律化。

15. Alice Y. Chang

16. Earliest coinage: Electrum • Electrum is a naturally occurring alloy of gold and silver, with trace amounts of copper and other metals. It has also been produced artificially. • The ancient Greeks called it 'gold' or 'white gold', as opposed to 'refined gold'. Its color ranges from pale to bright yellow, depending on the proportions of gold and silver.

17. Oldest Lydian Lion electrumhttp://rg.ancients.info/lion/

18. An Athenian Owl • Silver Tetradrachm, with the Owl standing on a olive twig, a crescent on the upper left and "ΑΘΕ" in front and Athena wearing an ornamented helmet, 454 - 449 BC.

19. c. 430 BC - 23 X 27 mm diameter, 16.5g

20. EURIPIDES 480-406 B.C. Alice Y. Chang

21. Euripides 「舞台上的哲學家」的美稱 悲劇內容大多以家庭生活為題材，討論戰爭、民主、貧富、宗教、婦女地位…等問題 討論雅典奴隸民主制衰弱時期的社會思想 寫實 現存十八部作品，是傳世作品最多的古希臘悲劇家 Alice Y. Chang

22. The Works of Euripides Alcestis   Written 438 B.C.E Andromache   Written 428-24 B.C.E The Bacchantes   Written 410 B.C.E Hecuba   Written 424 B.C.E Helen   Written 412 B.C.E    Translated by E. P. Coleridge The Heracleidae   Written ca. 429 B.C.E    Translated by E. P. Coleridge Alice Y. Chang

23. Works of Euripides Iphigenia At Aulis   Written 410 B.C.E Iphigenia in Tauris   Written 414-412 B.C.E    Translated by Robert Potter Medea   Written 431 B.C.E    Translated by E. P. Coleridge Rhesus   Written 450 B.C.E The Suppliants   Written 422 B.C.E    Translated by E. P. Coleridge The Trojan Women   Written 415 B.C.E Alice Y. Chang

24. Medea • an ancient Greek tragedy written by Euripides, based upon the myth of Jason and Medeaand first produced in 431 BC. • The plot centers on the barbarian protagonist as she finds her position in the Greek world threatened, and the revenge she takes against her husband Jason who has betrayed her for another woman. Alice Y. Chang

25. The Golden Fleece

26. Jason也是Chiron的學生 • A great healer, astrologer, and respected oracle, Chiron was said to be the last centaur and highly revered as a teacher and tutor. Among his pupils were many culture heroes: Asclepius, Theseus, Achilles, Jason, Peleus, Telamon, Heracles, Phoenix…. • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiron

27. The Education of Achilles by Chiron' fresco from Herculaneum (MuseoArcheologicoNazionale, Naples).

28. sources • This is the title of a long poem, very popular in classical days, by the third-century poet Apollonius of Rhodes. • He tells the whole story of the Quest except the part about Jason and Pelias which I have taken from Pindar. • It is the subject of one of his most famous odes, written in the first half of the fifth century. • Apollonius ends his poem with the return of the heroes to Greece. I have added the account of what Jason and Medea did there, taking it from the fifth-century tragic poet Euripides, who made it the subject of one of his best plays.

29. Journey by water The first hero in Europe who undertook a great journey was the leader of the Quest of the Golden Fleece. He was supposed to have lived a generation earlier than the most famous Greek traveler, the hero of the Odyssey. It was of course a journey by water. Ships did not sail by night, and any place where sailors put in might harbor a monster or a magician who could work more deadly harm than storm and shipwreck.

31. the ship Argo No story proved this fact better than the account of what the heroes suffered who sailed in the ship Argo to find the Golden Fleece. It may be doubted, indeed, if there ever was a voyage on which sailors had to face so many and such varied dangers. However, they were all heroes of renown, some of them the greatest in Greece, and they were quite equal to their adventures.

32. The Argonautic expedition

33. Jason and Argonauts the Golden Fleece is the fleece of the gold-haired winged ram. It figures in the tale of Jason and his band of Argonauts, who set out on a quest for the fleece in order to place Jason rightfully on the throne of Iolcus in Thessaly.

34. King Phineus & the Harpies, Athenian red-figure hydria C5th B.C., The J. Paul Getty Museum, Malibu

40. Colchis • ancient region at the eastern end of the Black Sea south of the Caucasus, in the western part of modern Georgia • In Greek mythology Colchis was the home of Medea and the destination of the Argonauts, a land of fabulous wealth and the domain of sorcery.

41. Medea avenges herself on Jason by slaying her own children upon the altar, and destroying Kreon and Glauke by fire in the palace (not shown). Triptolemos arrives on the scene with a flying, serpent-drawn chariot to assist Medea in her escape.

42. Medea

44. Medea the daughter of King Aeëtes of Colchis, niece of Circe, granddaughter of the sun god Helios, and later wife to the hero Jason, with whom she had two children: Mermeros and Pheres. In Euripides's play Medea, Jason leaves Medea when Creon, king of Corinth, offers him his daughter, Creusa or Glauce. The play tells of how Medea gets her revenge on her husband for this betrayal.

45. Meda--an enchantress Medea figures in the myth of Jason and the Argonauts Medea is known in most stories as an enchantress and is often depicted as being a priestess of the goddess Hecate or a witch. The myth of Jason and Medea is very old, originally written around the time Hesiod wrote the Theogony.

46. Medea kills her son, Campanian red-figure amphora, ca. 330 BC, Louvre (K 300)

47. Jason & the Dragon

48. Chimaera –noun, plural -ras.1.(often initial capital letter ) a mythological, fire-breathing monster, commonly represented with a lion's head, a goat's body, and a serpent's tail. 2.any similarly grotesque monster having disparate parts, esp. as depicted in decorative art.3.a horrible or unreal creature of the imagination; a vain or idle fancy: He is far different from the chimera your fears have made of him. 4.Genetics. an organism composed of two or more genetically distinct tissues, as an organism that is partly male and partly female, or an artificially produced individual having tissues of several species.

49. Greek Tragedy, Euripides and Medea Week 15 Alice Y. Chang

50. The fifth century BCE and intellectual revolution Alice Y. Chang Most of these plays date from the last half of the fifth century B.C.; they were written in and for an Athens that, since the days of Aeschylus, had undergone an intellectual revolution. It was in a time of critical reevaluation of accepted standards and traditions that Sophocles produced his masterpiece, Oedipus the King, and the problems of the time are reflected in the play.