Plant Structure

1. Plant Structure Aquaponics

2. Plant Body • Shoot system = leaves + stem • Root system • Meristem = cells that divide for life of plant, can give rise to all plant structures 3 BASIC Organs • Roots • Stems • Leaves

3. 2 BASIC Systems • BOTH SYSTEMS DEPEND ON THE OTHER • Root System (roots) receive sugars and other nutrients from photosynthetic parts • Shoot System (leaves and stems) depends on water & minerals absorbed from the soil by roots.

4. The plant body cells  tissues  organs • A tissue = group of cells with a common structure and function • An organ = several types of tissues that work together to carry out particular functions

5. Tissue Types in Vascular Plants • Dermal Tissue • Covers/ protects plant • Makes cuticle on stems/ leaves • Allows for better H2O absorption (root hairs) • Make guard cells • Vascular Tissue (xylem & phloem) • Transport and support • Throughout the plant • Called “veins” in leaves • Called the “stele” in stem or root • Ground Tissue • Between dermal and vascular tissues • Storage • Photosynthesis (makes sugars) • Support Dermal tissue Ground tissue Vascular tissue

6. MONOCOT PLANTS vs. DICOT PLANTS

7. Plant Body- ROOTS Root Functions Anchors plant in soil Takes up water and minerals from soil

8. & gymnosperms

9. Eudicot and Monocot Roots Mono = 1 (1 BIG circle)

10. Eudicot and Monocot Roots • Epidermis-outer layer of root that protects the underlying tissues of the root. • Cortex-the inner side of the epidermis. Allows diffusion of water, mineral salts, and oxygen from the root hairs. Stores foods, especially starch. • Endoderims-Active mineral uptake

11. Modified Roots • Some plants have modified roots • Adventitious roots arise aboveground spread over large areas • Storage roots hold “food”  called root tubers

12. Phloem transports sugar Xylem conducts water and minerals Plant Body-STEM Stem: series of nodes and internodes Functions Support for the plant body Holds leaves up to light Transports nutrients throughout plant

13. Connect roots and leaves and support plant

14. Eudicot and Monocot Stems

15. Tissue Organization of Stems • Most Eudicots • vascular tissue consists of vascular bundles that are arranged in a ring • Most Monocot stems • the vascular bundles are scattered throughout the ground tissue, rather than forming a ring Pith: in young stems, the pith stores food. The pith disappears in older stems. Cambium: during growing season, cambium produces new phloem to the outside and new xylem to the inside.

16. Division of Meristem Cells Causes Plant Growth • Apical Meristem • tips of root and shoot • increase in height • Lateral Meristem • cylinders within plant body • increase in width

17. Types of Meristems (like embryonic stem cells) • Apical meristems are located at the tips of roots and in the buds of shoots • elongate shoots and roots, a process called primary growth • Lateral meristems • add thickness ONLY to woody plants, a process called secondary growth • 2 lateral meristems: the vascular cambium and the cork cambium • vascular cambium adds layers of vascular tissue called secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem • cork cambium replaces the epidermis with periderm, which is thicker and tougher (bark)

18. Woody Stem Growth • The stem has three areas: • Bark • Wood • pith SUMMER WOOD (late wood): the part of an annual ring of wood, characterized by compact, thick-walled cells, formed during the later part of the growing season. CORK-protects the outer part of the bar SPRING WOOD (early wood): the part of an annual ring of wood, characterized by large, thin-walled cells, formed during the first part of the growing season.

19. HOW OLD IS THIS TREE? Secondary phloem Vascular cambium Cork cambium Late wood Secondary xylem Periderm LE 35-18b Early wood Cork Transverse section of a three-year- old Tilia (linden) stem (LM) Xylem ray Bark 0.5 mm 0.5 mm

20. Blade Petiole Plant Body-LEAF REVIEW Leaf = blade + petiole Functions Exposes surface to sunlightMajor site of photosynthesisConserves waterProvides for gas exchange Stoma = opening in the leaf for gas exchange, water evaporation

21. Monocots & Eudicots Leaves • Monocots lack petioles • Base of leaf forms a sheath that envelops stem • Have parallel veins (run length of the blade) • Eudicot (dicot) have petioles & leaves have a multibranched network of major veins. • Petiole • Only Eudicots NOT Monocots petiole

22. Flower Mitosis Meiosis Mitosis Pollengrains Ovule Flowering Plant Reproduction • Flowers are modified leaves, specialized for reproduction (where pollination takes place). • Flower parts undergo meiosis to produce haploid products • pollen grain • ovule (contains egg cell)

23. Development of Fruit and SeedsFrom Flower Parts Providesnutrition Endosperm Triploid Endosperm Cell FreshFruit Ovary SeedCoat Integument DiploidZygote Embryo(new plant) • Seed = embryo + stored food + seed coat • Fruit = ovary wall, mechanism for seed dispersal

24. Flowers, Fruits, and vegetables A fruit is the part of the plant that develops from a flower. It's also the section of the plant that contains the seeds. (Protects the seeds). The other parts of plants are considered vegetables. These include the stems, leaves and roots — and even the flower bud.

25. Dead Center sits the tomato. Why? Botanically speaking, a tomato is a fruit because it is a seed-bearing structure that develops from the ovary of a flowering plant. In the culinary world sweet = fruits and savory = vegetables: this includes botanical fruits as eggplants, bell peppers, and tomatoes.

27. Angiosperm Classification and Morphology • Monocots: grasses, lilies, orchids, corn, palms, onions • Dicots (aka-Eudicots): broadleaf trees, shrubs, most flowers, and vegetables.

28. Exit Slip-March 12, 2014 • Draw a picture of a monocot and dicot cross section of a ROOT. • Draw a picture of a monocot and dicot cross section of a STEM.