Plant Structure, Macro

1. Plant Structure, Macro

2. Figure 35.2 Reproductive shoot (flower) Apical bud Node Internode Apical bud Shoot system Axillary bud Vegetative shoot Blade Leaf Petiole Stem Taproot Root system Lateral (branch)roots

3. ROOTS

4. Rhizomes STEMS Rhizome Root Bulbs Storage leaves Stem Stolons Stolon Tubers

5. LEAVES http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf

6. Leaf Arrangement Simple leaf Axillarybud Petiole Compound leaf Doublycompound leaf Leaflet Petiole Axillarybud Axillarybud Leaflet Petiole

7. Leaf Venation

8. LEAF SHAPE This is a sampling of the possibilities.

9. Leaf Margins

10. Figure 38.UN02

11. Stamen Carpel Stigma Anther Style Filament Ovary Sepal Petal Receptacle An idealized flower

12. Kinds of flowers • Perfect flowers • Imperfect flowers • Monoecious flowers • Dioecious Flowers • Anything is possible……! Plasticity.

13. Flowers look like…..?

14. Flower Arrangement

15. Solitary Flowers • Some species of plants produce solitary flowers. • Solitary flowers are borne singly and separate from one another. Saucer Magnolia solitary flowers

16. Solitary Flowers • Another example of a plant that bears solitary flowers is Blood red Geranium. Many solitary flowers on Blood red Geranium (Geranium sanguineum)

17. What is an inflorescence? • In other species of plants many, small flowers are borne together in dense clusters called inflorescences. • There are many types of inflorescences. Each type of inflorescence is determined by how the flowers are arranged. • Inflorescences are a useful plant ID tool.

18. Common Inflorescences • Spike • Raceme • Panicle • Umbel • Corymb • Cyme • Composite Head

19. Spike • Individual flowers are sessile (without pedicels). • Lower flowers open first. • Indeterminate. spike

20. Spike • Gladiolus ‘Lavadandy’ flower spike (image courtesy of Columbia View Gladiolus) Gladiolus

21. Raceme • Individual flowers have pedicels. • Pedicels can vary in length from species to species. • Lower flowers open first. • Indeterminate. peduncle pedicel raceme

22. Raceme • Itea virginica, Virginia Sweetspire produces dense, pubescent racemes. • The flowers have short pedicels and the inflorescence resembles a spike. Virginia Sweetspire

23. Raceme • Dicentra spectabilis, Bleeding Heart, produces a one-sided raceme of pink, heart-shaped flowers. Bleeding Heart

24. Panicle • A highly branched inflorescence consisting of many, repeating units. • Panicles can be made of many spikes, racemes, corymbs, or umbels. • Indeterminate. A panicle of racemes

25. Panicle • Syringa vulgaris, Common Lilac, produces panicles. Common Lilac

26. Panicle • Aesculus glabra, Ohio Buckeye, produces 4-7” long panicles. • This tree is located near the Kirkwood library. Ohio Buckeye

27. Umbel • Individual flower pedicels all originate from the same spot on the peduncle. • Outer flowers open first. • Indeterminate. pedicel peduncle

28. Umbel • Allium ‘Jade Eyes’, image courtesy of Breck’s. • Often, umbels are globe-shaped like this one. Allium

29. Corymb • Somewhat similar to the umbel. • Individual flower pedicels are attached to the peduncle at different points. • Often flat-topped. • Outer flowers open first. • Indeterminate. peduncle pedicel corymb

30. Corymb • Pyrus calleryana, Callery Pear, is a beautiful, spring-flowering tree covered with corymbs of white flowers. Callery Pear

31. Cyme • In real life, cymes tend to be flat or convex shaped. • The inner flowers open first. • Determinate. cyme

32. Cyme • Cymes are often compound as shown in the illustration to the right. compound cyme

33. Cyme • Viburnum x juddi, Judd Viburnum, produces cymes of light pink flowers in late April. The flowers have a pleasing, spicy fragrance Judd Viburnum

34. Cyme • Viburnum dentatum, Arrowwood Viburnum, produces cymes of white flowers that are not fragrant. Arrowwood Viburnum

35. Corymbs vs. Cymes • Often these two types of inflorescences can look a lot alike. • Remember that corymbs are indeterminate, they continue to elongate as the season progresses. Cymes are determinate and do not continue to elongate as the growing season progresses. Also, the inner flowers of cymes open first.

36. Composite Head disk flower • A highly advanced inflorescence. • Consists of separate ray and disk flowers • Bracts may be green, but can also be colored(Strawflower). ray flower bract

37. Composite Head • Helianthus annus, Sunflower, produces a large composite head. • After pollination and fertilization, each disk flower becomes a single-seeded fruit. Sunflower

38. Composite Head • Echinaceae purpurea, Purple Coneflower (image courtesy of Wildflower Farm). • Composite head with purple ray flowers and brown disk flowers. Purple Coneflower

39. Floral Diagram Pi : pistil : 雌蕊 St : stamen : 雄蕊 Pe : petal : 花瓣 O : ovary :子房 Se : sepal : 萼片 Bra : bract : 苞叶 R : floral receptacle : 花托 A : axis Up : petal connate to petal : Sp : sepal adnate to stamen :

40. What do you eat? Stigma Style Carpels Stamen Flower Petal Ovary Stamen Stamen Sepal Ovary (inreceptacle) Stigma Ovule Ovule Pineappleinflorescence Pea flower Raspberry flower Apple flower Remains ofstamens and styles Each segmentdevelopsfrom thecarpelof oneflower Carpel(fruitlet) Stigma Sepals Seed Ovary Stamen Seed Receptacle Raspberry fruit Pineapple fruit Apple fruit Pea fruit (b) Aggregate fruit (d) Accessory fruit (c) Multiple fruit (a) Simple fruit