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B. Information Technology (IS) CISB434: Decision Support Systems

B. Information Technology (IS) CISB434: Decision Support Systems. Chapter 6: Collaborative Technologies & Group Support Systems. Learning Objectives. Describe the basic concepts and pro-cesses of groupwork, communication, and collaboration

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B. Information Technology (IS) CISB434: Decision Support Systems

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  1. B. Information Technology (IS)CISB434: Decision Support Systems Chapter 6: Collaborative Technologies & Group Support Systems

  2. Learning Objectives • Describe the basic concepts and pro-cesses of groupwork, communication, and collaboration • Explain how computer systems facili-tate communication and collaboration in an enterprise • Explain the concepts and importance of the time/place framework

  3. Learning Objectives • Explain the underlying principles and capabilities of groupware • Group Support Systems (GSS) • Describe indirect support for decision making, especially in synchronous envi-ronments

  4. Learning Objectives • Understand the concept of GDSS and describe how to structure an electronic meeting in a decision room • Describe the three settings of GDSS • Describe specifically how a GDSS uses parallelism and anonymity • Explain how GDSS lead to process/task gains and losses

  5. Learning Objectives • Examine how the Web enables collaborative computing and group support of virtual meetings • Describe the role of emerging technologies in supporting collaboration • Define creativity and how it can be facilitated by computers

  6. Collaborative Technologies & Group Support Systems Basic Concepts of Groupwork

  7. Concepts of GroupworkDefinition • Groupwork • Any work being performed by more than one person

  8. Concepts of GroupworkCharacteristics of Groupwork • A group performs a task • sometimes decision making, sometimes not • Group members may be located in different places • Group members may work at different times • Group members may work for the same or different organization • A group can be permanent or tempo-rary • A group can be at one managerial level or can span several levels

  9. Concepts of GroupworkCharacteristics of Groupwork • There can be synergy - leading to process and task gains - or conflict in groupwork • There can be gains and/or losses in productivity from groupwork • The task may have to be accomplished very quickly • It is impossible or too expensive for all team members to meet in one place • especially for emergency purposes • Some of the needed data, information, or knowledge may be located in many sources • some may be external to the organization

  10. Concepts of GroupworkCharacteristics of Groupwork • The expertise of non-team members may be needed • Groups perform many tasks • but groups of managers and analysts con-centrate on decision making • The decisions made by a group are easier to implement if supported by all - or at least most - members

  11. Concepts of GroupworkGroup Decision-Making Process • The decision situation is important, • it is advisable to make it in a group • usually in a meeting • Meeting • A joint activity engaged in by a group of people typically of equal or nearly equal status

  12. Concepts of GroupworkGroup Decision-Making Process • The outcome of a meeting depends partly on the participants • knowledge • opinions • judgements • support to the outcome

  13. Concepts of GroupworkGroup Decision-Making Process • The outcome of a meeting depends on • the composition of the group • the decision making process the group uses • Differences in opinions are settled • by the ranking person present or, • through negotiation or arbitration

  14. Concepts of GroupworkGroup Decision-Making Process • The members of a group can be • in one place, meeting face-to-face, or • a virtual team, in which case they are in different places while in a meeting • Virtual Team • A team whose members are in different places while in a meeting together

  15. Concepts of GroupworkBenefits & Dysfunctions • The process of group decision-making can create benefits and dysfunctions • Process gains • In GSS, improvements in the effectiveness of the activities of a meeting • Process losses • In GSS, degradation in the effectiveness of the activities of a meeting

  16. Concepts of GroupworkBenefits & Dysfunctions • Groupthink • In a meeting, continual reinforcement of an idea by group members

  17. Concepts of GroupworkImproving the Meeting Process • Nominal group technique (NGT) • A simple brainstorming process for non-electronic meetings • Delphi method • A qualitative forecasting methodology using anonymous questionnaires • Effective for technological forecasting and for forecasting involving sensitive issues

  18. Collaborative Technologies & Group Support Systems Computerized Support of Groupworking

  19. Computerized SupportOverview • Web supports of intra- and inter-organizational collaborative decision-making • through collaboration tools • access to data, information, knowledge • from inside and outside the organization

  20. Computerized SupportOverview • Intranets sustain intra-organizational networked decision support • Extranets link people and teams from different organizations together

  21. Collaborative Technologies & Group Support Systems Concepts of Time/Place Framework

  22. Computerized SupportTime/Place Framework • Synchronous (real-time) • Occurring at the same time • Asynchronous • Occurring at different times

  23. Computerized SupportTime/Place Framework • The time and place combination can be viewed as a four-cell matrix • same time/same place • same time/different place • different time/same place • different time/different place • any time, any place

  24. Computerized SupportTime/Place Framework

  25. Computerized SupportTime/Place Framework • What computers can and cannot do • Modern Web-based information technolo-gies provide an inexpensive, fast, capable, and reliable means of supporting commu-nications • But computerized communication methods do not transmit most of our nonverbal cues

  26. Collaborative Technologies & Group Support Systems Underlying Principles & Capabilities of Groupware

  27. Group Decision-Making Tools Groupware Tools • Groupware • Computerized technologies and methods that aim to support the work of people working in groups

  28. Group Decision-Making Tools Groupware Tools • Groupware • Synchronous products • Web conferencing • Instant messaging (IM) • Voice over IP (VoIP) • Asynchronous products • E-mail • Wikilogs • Online workspaces

  29. Group Decision-Making Tools Virtual Meeting Systems • Virtual meetings • Online meetings whose members are in different locations • even in different countries

  30. Group Decision-Making Tools Real-Time Collaboration Tools • Real-time collaboration (RTC) tools • help companies bridge time and space • to make decisions • and collaborate on projects

  31. Group Decision-Making Tools Real-Time Collaboration Tools • RTC tools are used in • Distance training • Product demonstrations • Customer support • E-commerce • Sales applications

  32. Group Decision-Making Tools Real-Time Collaboration Tools • Electronic teleconferencing • Teleconferencing • The use of electronic communication • that allows two or more people • at different locations • to have a simultaneous conference

  33. Group Decision-Making Tools Real-Time Collaboration Tools • Electronic teleconferencing • Video teleconferencing • Videoconferencing • Virtual meeting • in which participants in one location • can see participants at other locations • on a large screen or a desktop computer

  34. Group Decision-Making Tools Real-Time Collaboration Tools • Electronic teleconferencing • Data conferencing • Virtual meeting • in which geographically dispersed groups • work on documents together • and exchange computer files • during videoconferences

  35. Group Decision-Making Tools Real-Time Collaboration Tools • Electronic teleconferencing • Data conferencing • Web conferencing is conducted on the Internet • for as few as two and as many as thousands of people • allowing users to simultaneously view some-thing on their computer screens • Interaction takes place via messaging or a simultaneous phone teleconference

  36. Group Decision-Making Tools Real-Time Collaboration Tools • Interactive whiteboards • Screen sharing • Software that enables group members • even in different locations • to work on the same document • shown on the PC screen of each participant • Instant video

  37. Collaborative Technologies & Group Support Systems Support in Synchronous Environments

  38. Group Decision-Making Tools Support of Asynchronous Comm. • E-mail • Short message service (SMS) wireless messages • Blogs • Wikis

  39. Group Decision-Making Tools Support of Asynchronous Comm. • Online (electronic) workspace • Online screens that allow people • to share documents, files, project plans, calendars, etc., • in the same online place, • though not necessarily at the same time

  40. Group Decision-Making Tools Integrated Groupware Suites • A software suite is created when several products are integrated into one system • Integrating several technologies can save time and money for users

  41. Group Decision-Making Tools Integrated Groupware Suites • Electronic brainstorming • A computer-supported methodology of idea generation by association • This group process uses analogy and synergy

  42. Group Decision-Making Tools Integrated Groupware Suites • Lotus Notes/Domino and Lotusphere • Microsoft Netmeeting and Live Meeting • Groove Networks • WeBex Meeting Center and PlaceWare Conference Center

  43. Group Decision-Making Tools Integrated Groupware Suites

  44. Group Decision-Making Tools Group Decision Support System • An interactive computer-based system • that facilitates the solution of semi-structured and unstructured problems • by a group of decision makers

  45. Group Decision-Making Tools Group Support System • An information system • that supports the work of groups • communication • decision making • generally working on unstructured or semi-structured problems

  46. Group Decision-Making Tools Electronic Meeting Systems • An IT-based environment • that supports group meetings • groupware • which may be distributed geographically and temporally

  47. Group Decision-Making ToolsGDSS To GSS • How GDSS (or GSS) improves group-work • Parallelism • In a group-support system, a process gain • in which everyone in a group can work simulta-neously • in brainstorming, voting, ranking, etc.

  48. Group Decision-Making ToolsGDSS To GSS • GDSS (or GSS) • Supports parallel processing of information and idea generation (parallelism) • Enables the participation of larger groups with more complete information, know-ledge and skills • Permits the group to use structured or un-structured techniques and methods

  49. Group Decision-Making ToolsGDSS To GSS • GDSS (or GSS) • Offers rapid, easy access to external infor-mation • Allows parallel computer discussions • Helps participants frame the big picture • Anonymity • allows shy people to contribute to the meeting • helps prevent aggressive individuals from driv-ing a meeting

  50. Group Decision-Making ToolsGDSS To GSS • GDSS (or GSS) • Provides for multiple ways to participate in instant, anonymous voting • Enables several users to interact simul-taneously • Records all information presented at a meeting

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