Consciousness

1. Consciousness

2. Consciousness Your Definition = Definition = A state of awareness of internal events and of the external environment

3. Sleep Rhythm • Circadian = occurs every 24 hours Like sleep or metabolism

4. SLEEP

5. Sleep Stages • Stage 1 =relatively light stage of sleep. Stage 1 can be considered a transition period between wakefulness and sleep. In Stage 1, the brain produces high amplitude theta waves, which are very slow brain waves. This period of sleep lasts only a brief time (around 5-10 minutes). If you awaken someone during this stage, they might report that they weren't really asleep. • Stage 2 = lasts for approximately 20 minutes. The brain begins to produce bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain wave activity known as sleep spindles. Body temperature starts to decrease and heart rate begins to slow. • Stage 3 = deep, slow brain waves known as delta waves begin to emerge during stage 3 sleep. Stage 3 is a transitional period between light sleep and a very deep sleep.

6. Sleep Stages • Stage 4 = referred to as delta sleep because of the slow brain waves known as delta waves that occur during this time. Stage 4 is a deep sleep that lasts for approximately 30 minutes. Bed-wetting and sleepwalking are most likely to occur at the end of stage 4 sleep. • Stage 5 = most dreaming occurs during the fifth stage of sleep, known as rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. REM sleep is characterized by eye movement, increased respiration rate and increased brain activity. REM sleep is also referred to as paradoxical sleep because while the brain and other body systems become more active, muscles become more relaxed. Dreaming occurs due because of increased brain activity, but voluntary muscles become paralyzed. • Cycle then repeats = person dependent (90-120 mins)

7. BY REQUEST

8. Life development & Sleep • Sleep in infants (0-9 months) = this group needs more sleep then any other group, which can be divided into multiple periods. Infants can get a total amount of sleep in a day between 14-16 hours. This group spend the most time in REM (Stage 5 = 35-40%) then Stage 4 (20-25%)

9. Life development & Sleep • Sleep in teens (13-19) = this group has a modified circadian rhythm which also means there sleep cycle is altered as well. This group will l pass through Stage 1 and 2, and spend the vast amount of time in Stages 3, 4, & 5.

10. Teen Sleep • ..\..\..\Videos\RealPlayer Downloads\ABC Catalyst S12E22 Teenage Sleep - YouTube.mp4

11. Life development & Sleep • Sleep in adults = Most adults spend most time in Stage Two (40-45%) then REM (Stage 5 = 20-25%) • Sleep in the elderly = the time in REM and Stage 4 decrease. The amount in Stage 2 (30-35%) and Stage 3(25-30%) increase, which means less restful and restorative sleep.

12. Sleep and Dreams • In 1959, New York disc jockey Peter Tripp stayed awake for 200 hours to raise money for charity. • After about 50 hours, he started having mild hallucinations, seeing cobwebs in his shoes when there were none there and thinking that specs of dirt on the ground were actually bugs.

13. Sleep and Dreams • After 100 hours had gone by, he became delirious and saw a doctor’s tweed suit as a tangled mess of furry worms. • Here, Peter Tripp is shown yawning at 48 hours. 2 hours prior to the onset of hallucinations.

14. Sleep and Dreams • At roughly 120 hours, he needed to be given stimulants in order to keep him awake. • At 150 hours, Peter was disoriented, not knowing who or where he was, and he became paranoid – he backed against a wall, letting no one pass behind him.

15. Sleep and Dreams • Finally, by 200 hours, his hallucinations had taken a sinister turn. • Peter began to think that the doctor attempting to examine him was an undertaker coming to bury him. • He was put to sleep by medical examiners and slept for 13 hours straight. • Upon waking up, he asked for the morning paper as if nothing had happened.

16. Sleep and Dreams • So, how important is sleep to humans? • Sleep is VITAL to mental health! • As Peter Tripp found out, if a person is deprived of sleep, he or she will begin to have psychological symptoms. • Most people think of sleep as a state of unconsciousness, punctuated by brief periods of dreaming. • This is only partially correct. • Sleep is a state of altered consciousness, characterized by certain patterns of brain activity and inactivity.

17. Why Do We Sleep • We are not sure why people sleep. • Sleep is characterized by unresponsiveness to the environment and usually limited physical mobility. • There are many different theories as to why we sleep: • Re-Charge? • Conserve Energy? • Clear our minds of useless information? • …To dream?

18. How Much Sleep Do We Need? • Humans spend approximately one-third of their lives in sleep! • The amount of sleep that you need to properly function varies greatly from person to person and time to time. • Infants = 16, High School = 10, College = 8

19. Are YOU getting enough sleep? • Sleep deprivation survey

20. Dreams • Your first few dreams are usually composed of vague thoughts left over from the days activities. • Example; you may report that you were watching television in your dreams. • As the night wears on, dreams become longer and more vivid and dramatic, especially dreams that take place during REM sleep. • Because the amounts of time spent in REM sleep increase during the night, the last dream is likely to be the longest, and the one people remember when they wake up. • However, most people can barely remember more than 15 minutes of a dream.

21. The Content of Dreams • Actually…Dreams are usually very boring and mundane. • The majority of dreams feature you sitting and watching whatever is going on around you. • Occasionally though, you dream about something in an active sense. In other words, you are an active participant in your dream. • These dreams are usually aggressive in nature and involve some form of strenuous recreational activity.

22. Dream Interpretation • Dream interpretations have been discovered dating back to 5000 BC. • Psychoanalytic View- Sigmund Freud believed that no matter how mundane, dreams contained clues to thoughts the dreamer is afraid to acknowledge while awake. • Though many people are very skeptical about the idea of dreams portraying reality, Freud’s theories of subconscious desires and hopes still maintain today.

23. A Few other Theories on Dreaming • Information Processing or Reverse Learning • Facilitates memory forming, “making sense” of the day and “tying up loose ends” • Physiological Function • Helps us grow and develop our brains • Activation Synthesis • Dreams are the mind’s attempt to make sense of random neural firing in the sleeping brain • Cognitive Development • Survival Theory-dreams give us info we need to survive

24. SLEEP & DREAMS

25. DREAMS

26. Lucid Dreaming • is any dream in which one, for an uninterrupted and prolonged amount of time, is aware that one is dreaming.

27. Learning

28. Master

29. Sleep Disorders • Sometimes we may have problems falling asleep or have problems during sleep. • These “sleep disorders” can interfere with your quality of life, personal health, and even endanger public safety.

30. Sleep Disorders • Insomnia: The failure to get enough sleep at night in order to feel rested the next day. • This is usually a prolonged period of time. • Insomnia can be caused by anxiety, depression, nervousness, alcohol, and drug use.

31. Sleep Disorders • Sleep Apnea: A sleep disorder in which a person has trouble breathing while asleep. • Can be characterized by hundreds of brief periods of snoring throughout the night. • A blocking of the breathing passages actually causes the snoring; during this time the victim is in fact choking – the flow of the air to the lungs stops. • The episode ends when low levels of oxygen or high levels of carbon dioxide in the blood trigger breathing reflexes.

32. Sleep Disorders • Narcolepsy: A condition characterized by suddenly falling asleep or feeling extremely sleepy during the day. • Other symptoms include; unusual sleep and dream patterns, such as dreamlike hallucinations or of temporary paralysis. • People with narcolepsy can have sleep attacks throughout the day. • These sleep attacks are accompanied by brief periods of REM sleep. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ALVqaKQ5MWY

33. Sleep Disorders • Night Terrors: Sleep disruptions that occur during Stage IV of sleep, involving screaming, panic, or confusion. • A night terror may last anywhere from 5 to 20 minutes. • They involve screaming, sweating, confusion, and a rapid heart rate. • The subject may suddenly awake from sleep or have a persistent fear that occurs at night. • Subjects usually have no memory of night terrors.

34. Sleep Disorders • Sleepwalking: Walking or carrying out daily behaviors while asleep. • During this disorder, you are partly but not fully awake. • You will have no memory of doing this. • Sleepwalking is commonly associated with children, although some adults retain this ability. • This disorder has been linked to stress, fatigue, and the use of sedative medicines in adults.

35. Sleepwalking/talking • Sleepwalking may be inherited. • It is usually harmless, however, it may become dangerous if sleepwalkers fall or otherwise injure themselves. • Sleepwalkers movement is often clumsy and unstable. • Sleep talking is a common sleep disruption. • Most people talk in their sleep much more often than they realize, only they do not remember it because it occurs during REM.

36. Sleep Walking Mom

38. Dream Interpretation • 1. NOVA - What Are Dreams - HQ 1 (2009).wmv • 2. NOVA - What Are Dreams - HQ 2 (2009).wmv • 3. NOVA - What Are Dreams - HQ 3 (2009)2.wmv • 4. NOVA - What Are Dreams - HQ 4 (2009).wmv • 5.NOVA - What Are Dreams - HQ 5 (2009).wmv