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Bell Ringer. Why did the US try to stay out of World War I ? What started World War I? What is Militarism? . Bell Ringer. Who led the US military during WWI? What countries were a part of the Big Four? What was the goal of the fourteen points?. CH 19 : World War I. Starting.
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Bell Ringer • Why did the US try to stay out of World War I? • What started World War I? • What is Militarism?
Bell Ringer • Who led the US military during WWI? • What countries were a part of the Big Four? • What was the goal of the fourteen points?
Starting • World War I is also know as The War, The Great War, and the War to End All Wars
4 Contributing Factors for WWI • World War I is generally attributed to four MAIN factors: • Militarism • Alliances • Imperialism • Nationalism
Militarism & Imperialism • Militarism is the belief that a nation should have a strong military. • You wanted a strong military to protect yourself & your over seas possessions • Imperialism is the holding of territory/land for its’ resources or strategic value. • This leads to greater competition between European Powers, and will cause them to militarize.
Alliances would be agreements between nations to aid one another • The Alliances in Europe became so confused and muddled in the early 1900s that they became Entangling Alliances: If any one country declared war on another country other countries HAD to become involved. • This also encouraged have a big Military
Nationalism • In the later 1400 & early 1500s new nations appeared: France, England, Spain, etc. • This same phenomenon was taking place in Eastern Europe in the early 1900s: Russia, the Ottoman Empire, and the Balkans. • The People who wanted their own nation were full of pride and willing to go to extreme measures. This created a highly tense situation in Europe.
The Assassination of Franz Ferdinand • The Archduke of Austria, Franz Ferdinand, was visiting Sarajevo (a possession of the Austro-Hungarian Empire) • While there a militant nationalist anarchist assassinated the Archduke on June 28th 1914. • Austria-Hungary will declare war on Serbia on July 18th 1914, and the entangling alliances kick in.
Allied Powers (Triple Entente) • Britain • France • Russian Empire • Serbia • Italy • Central Powers (Triple Alliance) • Austria-Hungary • Germany • Ottoman Empire • Bulgaria
The War itself • No one thought World War I would last long • Most extensive plan (6 weeks) was made by the Germans: Schlieffen Plan • Reasons: Technology • Trench Warfare -Tanks • Machine Guns -High Explosive Artillery (Blows up really Big) • Chemical Gas -Gas Masks • Airplanes -Submarines
Western Front • The Western front is best known for Trench Warfare • The Germans had hoped to knock the French out quickly, but failed • Both sides would dig in (literally) and a stalemate occurred • The war became very slow and gruesome: in some instances gaining 500 yards at the cost of 50,000 lives
Eastern Front • The Eastern front featured less trenches • However, the fighting in Russia was just/if not more bloody than the Western Front. • The Russians did not have ample supplies to fight a war (often encouraging men in the 2nd line to pick up the guns of the dead men who went before them) • In one specific battle the Russians had 150,000 and 130,000 people were killed or captured
The US (Isolationism) • As we’ve learned the US isn’t what you would call a “Global Player” • The US maintains its’ policy of isolationism, and declares themselves Neutral. • Though we were official neutral the US & British had a close international Relationship, and the War spurred the growth of an Anti-German Sentiment in the USA.
What Dragged the US in? • Two main Factors pull the US into World War I • Unrestricted Submarine Warfare & the Zimmerman Telegram • Unrestricted Submarine Warfare: • The Germans had created U-Boats (Submarines) and were using them against the British Navy. • Occasionally a civilian/merchant ship would get sunk
The Lusitania • In 1915 the Germans sunk the British passenger ship Lusitania, which resulted in the death of 100 Americans. • Afraid the US would enter the War the Germans vowed to stop unrestricted submarine warfare, and then issued the Sussex Pledge (1916), a warning to ships before attack • Though the US was outraged over the Lusitania the US did not immediately enter the war.
Zimmerman Telegram • In 1917 the Germans resumed unrestricted submarine warfare (and the US did not immediately enter the war) • In February 1917 the British intercepted a telegram from Germany to Mexico. • In March 1917 the British share the telegram with the US • In the Telegram the Germans asked the Mexicans to ally with them and attack the US, and in exchange Mexico would receive land once they won. • The US was outraged and the US would declare war by April 1914
The US in WWI • The US would be lead by John J. Pershing • The only direct instruction President Wilson ever gave to Pershing was to maintain a separate fighting force (he wanted the US out when the US wanted out) • The fresh US troops would help to break the stalemate of WWI and the War would be over about 8 months after the US had entered. • The Armistice ends WWI on November 11th, 1918 at 11:00 AM (11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month = Armistice Day)
The Big Four • The leaders of the US, UK, France, and Italy would drive the peace negotiations. • They would be known as the Big Four • The peace treaty that ended the War between the Allies and Germans is known as the Treaty of Versailles
Problems with the Peace Negotiations The Big Four had different goals • US • Wilson wanted lasting world peace: 14 Points • UK • Lloyd George wanted a economically sound Europe/German for trading purposes • France • Clemenceau wanted to punish/crush the Germans so they could never fight a war again • (Suffered the most casualties and destroyed land from WWI) • Italy • Orlando was largely ignored and left the conference.
Wilson’s 14 Points • President Woodrow Wilson was an idealist who thought his 14 points could usher in a period of world Peace. • The Points included: • Fair & Open peace treaties (No secret alliances -> no Entangling Alliances) • Freedom of the Seas (No unrestricted submarine warfare) • Removal of all trade barriers (Lets just all get along) • Reduction of ALL militaries (Weapons are bad) • Self-Determination (Reason Ferdinand got shot) • League of Nations (international peace organization)
Treaty of Versailles • What the Treaty actually says: • Germany will pay $11 billion in reparations (pay back the winners for the war) [634 Billion = 2012] • Germany loses 10-13% of the land • No conscription • No more than 100,000 men in the entire military • German navy limited to 15,000 men, 6 battleships, 6 cruisers , 6 destroyers, 12 torpedo boats and 0 submarines. • No manufacture, import or export of arms allowed, No armored cars, tanks or aircraft allowed. • Manufacture of machine guns and rifles limited. • Germany can not be a member of the League of Nations
The League of Nations • One of the Biggest of Wilson’s 14 Points was the League of Nations. • He believed this international peace keeping body would help to settle international disputes without war, and that EVERYONE should be a member of it. • The League did not have a standing military • The US did not join the League because Senator Henry Cabot Lodge strongly campaigned against it, and urged the US to return to isolationism. • The league also creates a mandate system in the Middle East. This is basically just imperialism with a different name, and explains a good deal of the tension in that area today.