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CIS 212 Microcomputer Architecture Day 3

CIS 212 Microcomputer Architecture Day 3. Rhys Eric Rosholt. Office: Office Phone: Web Site: Email Address:. Gillet Hall - Room 304 718-960-8663 http://comet.lehman.cuny.edu/rosholt/ rhys.rosholt @ lehman.cuny.edu. Chapter 2 Introduction to Systems Architecture.

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CIS 212 Microcomputer Architecture Day 3

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  1. CIS 212MicrocomputerArchitectureDay 3 Rhys Eric Rosholt Office: Office Phone: Web Site: Email Address: Gillet Hall - Room 304 718-960-8663 http://comet.lehman.cuny.edu/rosholt/ rhys.rosholt @ lehman.cuny.edu

  2. Chapter 2Introduction toSystems Architecture

  3. Chapter 2Introduction toSystems Architecture Automated Computation Computer Capabilities Computer Hardware Computer System Classes The Role of Software Economics of System and Application Development Software Computer Networks

  4. Computer Capabilities • Processing • Storage • Communication

  5. Processor Device that performs data manipulation and transformation functions Computation Comparison Data movement memory mass storage input/output devices

  6. Processor Terminology • Instructions • Programs • Processor types • General-purpose • Special-purpose • Formulas and algorithms • Comparisons and branching

  7. A Formulaic Program 10 INPUT QUANTITY_SOLD 20 INPUT SELLING_PRICE 30 INTERMEDIATE_RESULT = QUANTITY_SOLD * SELLING_PRICE 40 GROSS_PROFIT = INTERMEDIATE_RESULT – SELLING_EXPENSES 50 OUTPUT GROSS PROFIT 60 END

  8. An Algorithmic Program 10 INPUT INCOME 20 IF INCOME > 7150 THEN GOTO 50 30 TAX = INCOME * 0.10 40 GOTO 180 50 IF INCOME > 29050 THEN GOTO 80 60 TAX = 715.00 + ((INCOME – 7150) * 0.15) 70 GOTO 180 80 IF INCOME > 29050 THEN GOTO 110 90 TAX = 4000.00 + ((INCOME – 29050) * 0.25) 100 GOTO 180 110 IF INCOME > 70350 THEN GOTO 140 120 TAX = 14325.00 + ((INCOME – 70350) * 0.28) 130 GOTO 180 140 IF INCOME > 319100 THEN GOTO 170 150 TAX = 35717.00 + ((INCOME – 146750) * 0.33) 160 GOTO 180 170 TAX = 92592.50 + ((INCOME – 319100) * 0.35) 180 OUTPUT TAX 190 END

  9. Storage Capacity • Types of information to be stored • Intermediate processing results • Data • Programs • Characteristics of storage devices vary widely • Cost • Access speed • Reliability

  10. Input/Output Capability Must encompass many communication modes For humans: Sound, text, and graphics For other computers: Electronic or optical communication

  11. The Primary Functionsof Computer Hardware

  12. Components ofa Computer System

  13. Central Processing Unit • General-purpose processor • Executes all instructions • computation functions • comparison functions • Directs all data movement

  14. Components ofThe Central Processing Unit

  15. CPU Components

  16. System Bus • Internal communication channel that connects all other hardware devices • Primary pathway for moving data and instructions among hardware components • Capacity is critical to performance, secondary storage, and I/O device performance

  17. Primary Storage(Main Memory) • Holds program instructions and data for currently executing programs • Implemented with random access memory (RAM) • Provides access speed and allows CPU to read or write to specific memory locations • Volatile; does not provide permanent storage

  18. Secondary Storage • Composed of high-capacity nonvolatile storage devices that hold: • Programs not currently being executed • Data not needed by currently executing programs • Data needed by currently executing programs that does not fit within available primary storage

  19. Comparison of Storage Types

  20. Input/Output Devices • Implement external communication functions • Human-oriented communication devices(e.g., keyboard, mouse, printer) • Computer-oriented communication devices(e.g., modem, network interface unit)

  21. Computer System Classes

  22. Multicomputer Configurations • Any organization of multiple computers to support a specific set of services or applications • Common configurations • Cluster • Blade • Grid

  23. Cluster • Group of similar or identical computers that cooperate to provide services or execute a common application • Connected by high-speed network • Typically located close to one another • Advantages: scalability and fault tolerance • Disadvantages: complex configuration and administration

  24. Blade • Circuit board that contains most of a server computer; a specialized cluster • Same advantages and disadvantages as a cluster, but also: • Concentrate more computing power in less space • Are simpler to modify

  25. Grid • Group of dissimilar computer systems, connected by high-speed network, that cooperate to provide services or execute a common application • Computers may be in separate rooms, buildings, or continents • Computers work cooperatively at some times, independently at others

  26. Bigger Isn’t Always Better • Grosch’s Law (1952) has been rewritten due to: • Multiple classes of computers • Expanded abilities to configure computers for specific purposes • Increased software costs relative to hardware costs • Large computer databases • Widespread adoption of graphical user interfaces • Multicomputer configurations

  27. Business Computer Options“Do We Need A Mainframe?” • A business finds that its old IBM RS/6000 S70 Midrange computer is overloaded with work. The problem needs to be solved. • Options: • 1: Purchase more RS/6000 systems, used, since they are no longer made • 2: Upgrade to IBM’s latest mainframes, the pSeries 670 or 69 systems • 3: Develop a scalable hardware platform • IBM blade servers • a cluster of IBM midrange systems

  28. The Role of Software • Translates user requests into machine instructions • Performs complex translation process that bridges two gaps • Human language to machine language (binary) • High-level abstraction to low-level detail

  29. The Role of Software

  30. Software Types

  31. System Layers

  32. System Software Layers

  33. Software/Hardware Layers

  34. Operating Systems • Most important system software component • Collection of utility programs that provides: • Administrative utilities • Utility services to application programs • Resource allocation functions • Direct control over hardware

  35. Operating System Functions • Program storage, loading, and execution • File manipulation and access • Secondary storage management • Network and interactive user interfaces

  36. Application Development Software • Programs used to develop other programs • Types • Program translators • Program editors • Debugging tools • System development tools

  37. Economics of System and Application Development Software • System software consumes hardware resources • Cost per unit of computing power has rapidly decreased • Software is more cost-effective when reused many times

  38. The Relative Cost ofHardware vs. Software

  39. Intel CPUs andMicrosoft Operating Systems Software Depends on Hardware Once hardware has been developed, the capabilities of the software packages can be increased to take advantage of hardware capabilities. The development of the Intel microprocessors (from the 80386 to the Itanium) parallels the development of Microsoft Windows and the application software that it supports. This comes from cooperation between Intel and Microsoft.

  40. Computer Networks • Set of hardware and software components that enable multiple users and computer systems to share information, software, and hardware resources • Enables many types of personal communication

  41. Computer Networks

  42. External Resources • Ability to share data, programs, and hardware resources among computers • Gives modern organizations flexibility to deploy and redeploy computing and information resources to satisfy rapidly changing needs

  43. Network Software • Finds requested resources on the network • Negotiates resource access with distant resource allocation software • Receives and delivers resources to requesting user or program • May also listen for and validate resource requests, and deliver resources via the network

  44. Network Communication and the Physical Network • Network communication devices • Simpler than I/O devices; do not need to convert data represented electronically into another form • Must support communication at high speeds • Physical network • Complex combination of communication protocols, methods of data transmission, and network hardware devices

  45. Summary • Basic elements of computer system architecture • Hardware • Software • Networks • Importance of knowing how all components of a computer system interrelate as well as their internal workings • Further Readings or Resources: See http://averia.mgt.unm.edu for an up-to-date list of reference materials.

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