Searches for B and L violation in India

1. Searches for B and L violation in India Utpal Sarkar Physical Research Laboratory Ahmedabad, India Mini NANO Workshop

2. Prof. J.N. Goswami, Director, PRL Greetings on behalf of PRL, Prof. Goswami and myself to everyone present. Our first step would be to see if we can get some seed funds to look into the viability of the proposed project from technical angle. In India it is still being discussed seriously only within PRL. The coming 5 yr plan period, however, provide an opportunity to make a proposal with a PRL lead and all India character, as well as indicating possible international interest and hence this meeting has important significance. Mini NANO Workshop

3. PHYSICAL RESEARCH LABORATORY Research in Physical Sciences Development of Infrastructure for Research Human Resource Development Science Popularization Mini NANO Workshop URL: http://www.prl.ernet.in

4. “Countries have to provide facilities for its nationals to do front rank research within the resources that are available. It is equally necessary having produced the men who can do research, to organise task oriented projects for the nation’s practical problems.” The Physical Research Laboratory was established by Dr. Vikram A. Sarabhai Work on cosmic rays, a prominent subject at that time, was started from the “RETREAT” in 1947. Mini NANO Workshop

5. First Ozone Measurement Station established at Mt. Abu in 1951 With rapidly expanding research activities, PRL needed its own campus. Foundation laid by Sir C.V. Raman in 1952 in the current premises. Inauguration of PRL Main Campus in 1954 by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru. Mini NANO Workshop

6. Scientists from PRL initiated Space Science Research by contributing significantly to the scientific and technical developments. Thus PRL became the “cradle” of Indian Space Research Program. Drs. Sarabhai, Kalam, Nair and others Aryabhatta Satellite Rocket Launched from Thumba Mini NANO Workshop Balloon Launch

7. INDIA'S MISSION TO MOON CHANDRAYANA - I P S L V 1064 Scientific objective of Moon Mission is to understand the origin and evolutionary history of moon: 3D topographic atlas of the Moon High resolution mineralogical and chemical mapping of polar regions Distribution of 222Rn , 210Pb, other radioactive elements and some Rare Earths Mini NANO Workshop

8. H2O OH A three colour composite of near-infrared reflected solar radiation for the lunar nearside measured by Moon Mineral Mapper payload onboard Chandrayaan-1. Blue colour indicates 3 micrometer absorption associated with the presence of OH/H2O that is most prominent at higher cooler latitudes. Mini NANO Workshop

9. All the administrative branches automated resulting in higher efficiency • Supporting staff reduced • Outsourcing of several services Mini NANO Workshop

10. Recently installed Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometer to determine precise chronology of growth of mountains and climate markers Mini NANO Workshop

11. A multinational (USA, Germany, India etc.) field experiment conducted over the Indian Ocean to study the impact of man made pollution on the climate system. Indian Research Vessel Experiments from 1996 to 1999 Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX) Mini NANO Workshop Sagar Kanya

12. What is the vertical extent of the pollution and the effect on ozone? Q To find answer we do balloon experiments from PRL. Mini NANO Workshop

13. Radio Carbon Dating Dating of old materials, collected from different parts of India to infer the cultural evolution Mini NANO Workshop

14. Extinct Radioactivity and rare gas studies in meteorites To decipher time scales of Early Solar System evolution and sources of noble gases. These studies use a laser ablation system and ion-probe. Mini NANO Workshop

15. Main Mt. Abu Currently PRL research are carried out at four centers: Thaltej Mini NANO Workshop Udaipur

16. Infrared Observatory (Mt. Abu) Optical Polarimeter Studies of stellar evolution, Extra-galactic Astronomy, Pulsar phenomenon, etc Inside view of the 1.2 m telescope 2 m Image of Orion Nebula taken from Mt. Abu Mini NANO Workshop

17. Chemical and Radioactivity measurements of environmental samples Lidar at Mt. Abu Measurement of temperature and Aerosol profiles To determine “chronology” of various earth’s surface processes and characterize source of materials. Analysis rely on AAS, ICP-AES, Carbon Analyzers, ion-chromatograph and α,β,γ spectrometers Mini NANO Workshop

18. Non-Accelerator Particle Physics Experiments Mini NANO Workshop

19. Atmospheric Neutrinos • Cosmic rays from outer space impinge on the atmosphere of the earth all the time • They produce showers of charged particles in a cascade phenomenon • The end products of these cascades also contain neutrinos of types ne and nm Mini NANO Workshop

20. First Detection of Atmospheric Neutrinos at KGF • The experiments were conducted by groups from TIFR, Durham University and Osaka University using basic trigger with scintillation counters and (NFT) for tracking detectors. Seven detectors were deployed at a depth of 2.3 km in Heathcote shaft and Champion Reefs mines. The experiment discovered the first atmospheric neutrinos in an iron calorimeter here about the same time as a similar discovery in a mine in South Africa. Mini NANO Workshop

21. Proton Decay Experiment at KGF • Six proton decay events were reported, three strong candidates with lifetime ~1031 yrs. • Some experimental observations, called Kolar events, have yet to be explained. They suggest the existence of massive (>3 GeV) particles having a long life (10−9 secs). These massive particles are also seen to decay into 2–3 particles. Mini NANO Workshop

22. India-based Neutrino Observatory • 50,000 ton magnetized iron particle physics calorimeter with glass Resistive Plate Chamber (RPC) technology as the sensor elements. • The detector was expected to start collecting data in the year 2012. Rescheduled to 2015. • The location of INO has attracted a lot of attention from the neutrino physics community as the distance between INO and CERN is very close to "Magic Baseline" - a distance at which the effect of the CP phase on the measurement of θ13 is minimal. Mini NANO Workshop

23. The Primary goals of the INO : • Unambiguous and more precise determination of Neutrino oscillation parameters using atmospheric neutrinos. • Study of matter effects through electric charge identification, that may lead to the determination of the unknown sign of one of the mass differences. • Study of charge-conjugation and charge parity (CP) violation in the leptonic sector as well as possible charge-conjugation, parity, time-reversal (CPT) violation studies. • Study of Kolar events, possible identification of very-high energy neutrinos and multi-muon events. Mini NANO Workshop

24. Budget Estimate • INO: Initial estimate: $100 million • Present estimate: $250 million • NANO: $200 million with TRIGA reactor and vertical shaft at Mt Abu • NANO: $100 million with cyclotron and ultracold neutron, provided successful R&D • Outcome: International importance, medical applications, accelerator technology beta beam for INO and neutron facility. Mini NANO Workshop

25. Present Proposal • Vertical Shaft at Mt. Abu, 1.2 high • Accelerator and Lab space at lower level • Detector near the observatory • Phase I: accelerator facility + Lab + test facility $100 million • Phase II: Actual expt $100 million Mini NANO Workshop

26. Alternate Possibilities • In some abandoned mines, accelerator facility overground and detector inside • Shaft inside sea? • Neutron cavity of length 20m? • Accelerator facility and neutron source is independent of these details Mini NANO Workshop

27. Applications and other usage of the facilities(?) PETRA III, DESY First images of proteins and viruses caught with an X-ray laser (Feb. 2011) EDM of neutron (?) Mini NANO Workshop

28. THANK YOU Mini NANO Workshop