Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology: Body Organization

1. Introduction toAnatomy & Physiology:Body Organization C. Miller John Milledge Academy Human A & P

2. I. Introduction • Anatomy: the study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to each other…”WHAT is it?” • Physiology: the study of the function of body parts (often focuses on cellular and molecular events)…”HOW does it work?” • The Principle of Complementarity states: • Function is dependent on structure • Form is related to function

3. II. Structural Organization http://academic.kellogg.edu/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/chapte1.jpg

4. Ii. structural Organization • Cells • Basic unit of life • Perform vital body functions through: reproduction, respiration, metabolism, and excretion • May be specialized (i.e. muscle cells for contraction; nerve cells conduct electrical impulses)

5. Ii. structural Organization • Tissues: groups of cells working together for one purpose (Ex: neurons form nerve fibers) • Histology: study of tissues • Types: • Muscular: produces movement (1) Voluntary: skeletal muscle (2) Involuntary: cardiac and smooth (digestive organs) http://mmm.moody.edu/genmoody/Media/MediaStore/Muscular%20System.gif

6. II. Structural Organization • Tissues • Types: • Epithelial: lines organs (1) Includes skin and mucous membranes c.Connective: supports and protects body structures (1) Includes adipose (fat) tissue, bone, blood, and cartilage http://asweknowit.net/images_edu/dwa%205%20connective%20tissue.gif

7. II. structural Organization • Tissues • Types: • Nervous: conducts electrical impulses to and from the brain and body http://www.morphonix.com/software/education/science/brain/game/specimens/images/neuron_parts.gif

8. II. structural Organization • Organs: groups of tissues working together for a common function (Ex: cardiac muscle tissue forms the heart) • Organ Systems: groups of organs working together for a common function (Ex: heart and blood vessels work together to form the cardiovascular system) • Organisms

9. III. Body Systems: Integumentary • Function: Protection; Body temperature regulation • Primary organs: skin, hair, nails • Specialty: dermatology http://www.liposuction4you.com/images/anatomy-of-the-skin.jpg

10. III. BODY SYSTEMS:Skeletal • Function: Framework for support • Primary organs: bones, connective tissues that make up joints • Specialty: Orthopedics http://www.merriam-webster.com/art/med/skeleton.gif

11. III. BODY SYSTEMS:Muscular • Function: movement • Primary organs: muscles • Specialty: orthopedics http://www.medical-look.com/systems_images/Muscular_System.jpg

12. III. BODY SYSTEMS:Cardiovascular • Function: transport of oxygen and nutrients to body cells via blood • Primary organs: heart and blood vessels • Specialty: cardiology, hematology, internal medicine http://www.thewellingtoncardiacservices.com/images/TheHeart/200177291-001_4.jpg

13. III. BODY SYSTEMS:Respiratory • Function: exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide • Primary organs: lungs, bronchi, trachea, larynx, pharynx, nose • Specialty: pulmonology, otorhinolaryngology, internal medicine http://visual.merriam-webster.com/images/human-being/anatomy/respiratory-system/respiratory-system.jpg

14. III. BODY SYSTEMS:Nervous/senses • Function: transmit electrical impulses to and from the brain and body • Primary organs: Brain, spinal cord, nerves (sensory: eyes, ears) • Specialty: Neurologist, Neurosurgery, Ophthalmology

15. III. BODY SYSTEMS:digestive • Function: converts food into nutrients for energy • Primary organs: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, SI, LI (Accessory: liver, pancreas, gall bladder) • Specialty: Gastroenterology, Internal Medicine, Proctology http://www.pediatricfeeding.org/images/gi_anatomy/A_digestive_system.png

16. III. BODY SYSTEMS:urinary • Function: filters and excretes wastes from the blood • Primary organs: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra • Specialty: Nephrology, Urology http://www.comprehensive-kidney-facts.com/images/UrinarySystem.jpg

17. III. BODY SYSTEMS:endocrine • Function: glands secrete enzymes that help regulate metabolic processes • Primary organs: pancreas, thyroid, pituitary, adrenal, parathyroid, thymus, pineal • Specialty: Endocrinology http://www.web-books.com/eLibrary/Medicine/Physiology/Endocrine/endocrine_system.jpg

18. III. BODY SYSTEMS:reproductive • Function: Reproduction • Specialty: Gynecology/ Obstetrics; Urology • Primary organs: • Female: vagina, ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes, mammary glands • Male: testes, prostate, urethra vas deferens

19. III. BODY SYSTEMS:lymphatic • Function: Immunity • Primary organs: spleen, lymph, thymus gland • Specialty: Immunology http://www.naturalhealthschool.com/img/immune.gif

20. IV. Maintaining LIFEA. Necessary Life functions • Boundaries allow organisms to maintain distinct internal and external environments or separate internal environments. • Cellular membrane • Skin • Movement allows the organism to travel through an environment and allows transport of molecules within the organism. • Musculoskeletal movement • Peristalsis http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/pastrans.gif

21. IV. Maintaining LIFEA. Necessary Life functions • Responsiveness (irritability): ability to detect changes in the environment and respond • Reflexes • Digestion: process of breaking down food into usable nutrients • Metabolism: all chemical reactions occurring in the body • Excretion: process of removing wastes • Reproduction: process of producing more cells or organisms • Growth: increase in size in body parts or organism

22. IV. Maintaining LIFEb. Survival needs • Nutrients: consumed chemical substances used for energy and cell building • EX: Carbs, Proteins, Fats, Vitamins, & Minerals • Oxygen: required by chemical reactions that release energy from food • ~20% of air is O2 • Water: provides an environment for chemical reactions and a fluid medium for secretions/excretions • Most abundant chemical substance in the body at 60-80% http://www.the-perfectshape.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/01/Nutrients-table.jpg http://faithsforsafewater.org/yahoo_site_admin/assets/images/water_drop.65140537_std.jpg

23. IV. Maintaining LIFEB. Survival Needs • Normal Body Temperature: required for chemical reactions in the body to occur at the appropriate rate • 98.6°F/37° C • Atmospheric Pressure: must be within appropriate range for proper gas exchange in the lungs http://altered-states.net/barry/update274/temp.png

24. IV. Maintaining LIFEC. Homeostasis: the ability of the body to maintain a relatively constant internal environment, regardless of environmental changes • Nervous and Endocrine systems play a large role. • Homeostatic Control Mechanisms • Components • Variable: the regulated factor or event • Receptor: structure monitoring changes (stimuli) in the environment and sends info to the control center. • Control Center: structure determining the set point for a variable, analyzes, input, and coordinates an appropriate response • Effector: structure carrying out the response directed by the control center

25. IV. Maintaining LIFEC. Homeostasis:2. Homeostatic ControlsB. TYPES • Negative Feedback Mechanism (most common) • Goal: prevent sudden, severe changes in a system • Causes the variable to change in a way that is opposite the initial change • EX: body temperature, blood pressure, respiratory rate http://www.occc.edu/biologylabs/Documents/Homeostasis/Feedback_Loop.htm

26. IV. Maintaining LIFEC. Homeostasis:2. Homeostatic ControlsB. TYPES • Positive Feedback Mechanism • Causes the variable to change in the same way as the original change • Results in a greater deviation from the set point…cascadeevent is self-perpetuating • Typically are NOT related to homeostatic maintenance • EX: labor “pains” (oxytocin) and blood clotting (clotting factors) • Homeostatic imbalance often results in disease and becomes more common with aging due to decrease in efficiency and stability. http://renz.fosterscience.com/a&p/Chapt1/Chapter1TheHumanBodyAnOrientation_files/slide0050_image017.jpg

27. V. Anatomical Terminology • Anatomical Position: Standing erect, facing forward, arms at sides, palms forward http://www.emergencymedicaled.com/images/Anatomical%20Position.gif

28. B. Body regions - Anterior Acromial Pollex http://academic.kellogg.edu/herbrandsonc/bio201_mckinley/chapter1.htm Hallux

29. B. Body regions - Posterior DORSAL Cubital Manual http://academic.kellogg.edu/herbrandsonc/bio201_mckinley/chapter1.htm Plantar

30. C. Body Planes • Sagittal: divides body into R and L • midsagittal divides into equal R and L • Frontal (coronal): divides into front and back (anterior and posterior) • Transverse (horizontal): divides into top and bottom (superior and inferior); cuts parallel to ground • Always referred to using anatomical position. http://www.yachigusaryu.com/blog/pics/top_ten_principles/10/image003.jpg

31. Location Toward the head; above Toward the feet or tail; below Near or on the front side of the body Near or on the back or spinal cord side of the body Position Superior/ Cephalic Inferior/ Caudal Anterior/ Ventral Posterior/ Dorsal D. Directional/ positional terms http://media.photobucket.com/image/anatomical%20position/nursingassistant/anatom1.jpg

32. Location Middle or near the midline To the side Closer to the point of attachment on the body Farthest from the point of attachment to the body Position Medial Lateral Proximal Distal D. Directional/ positional terms http://media.photobucket.com/image/anatomical%20position/nursingassistant/anatom1.jpg

33. Location Toward the surface of the body Away from the surface of the body Body position lying horizontally and face down Body position lying horizontally and face up Position Superficial Deep Prone Supine D. Directional/ positional terms http://www.medtrng.com/supineprone.gif

34. E. Body Cavities • The diaphragm, a muscle used during respiration, separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities • Internal organs are referred to as viscera, and are lined with a visceral membrane. • Cavities are lined with an outer parietal membrane. • Membranes in the thoracic cavity are called pleural membranes; membranes in the abdominopelvic cavity are called peritoneal membranes. http://www.themesotheliomalibrary.com/visceral-pleura.jpg

35. E. Body Cavities

36. E. Body Cavities

37. E. Body Cavities:Anatomical Divisions

38. e. Body Cavities: Clinical Divisions Liver Spleen L Kidney Stomach* Colon Pancreas Liver* R Kidney Colon Pancreas Gallbladder Colon SI Femoral Art/Vein Ureter Appendix* Colon SI Femoral Art/Vein Ureter

39. F. The Spine

40. Superior: toward the head The head (cephalic) is superior to the neck (cervical). Inferior: toward the feet The mouth (oral) is inferior to the nose (nasal). Superior and Inferior SUPERIOR INFERIOR