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THE SECOND WORLD WAR

THE SECOND WORLD WAR. 1941-1945 A27 7.3.22. GUIDING QUESTION. To what extent did the Second World War bring about lasting change in the American society, economy and government?. WAR ON THE HOME FRONT. MOBILIZING THE ECONOMY. 1. Industrial Production

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THE SECOND WORLD WAR

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  1. THE SECOND WORLD WAR 1941-1945 A27 7.3.22

  2. GUIDING QUESTION • To what extent did the Second World War bring about lasting change in the American society, economy and government?

  3. WAR ONTHEHOME FRONT

  4. MOBILIZING THE ECONOMY 1. Industrial Production • War Production Board (later: Office of War Mobilization) • By 1944, war production double that of all Axis powers • “cost-plus” basis • Results: • end of Depression; • consolidation of U.S. industry

  5. Effects of War Spending

  6. 2. Rationing and Price Controls Office of Price Administration rationing Anti-Inflation Act 3. Controlling Labor ”no-strike” pledges Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act (War Labor Disputes Act) (1943) personal income union membership: major increase MOBILIZING THE ECONOMY Labor Union Membership, 1920-1960 Ration Card

  7. MOBILIZING THE ECONOMY 4. Farmers – farm income doubled, as in World War I 5. Financing the War: $321 billion total!cost $100 billion for 1945 alone • Income Tax (Revenue Act of 1942 – 94%!, everyone, withholding) • Liberty Bonds Military Expenditures and the National Debt, 1929-1945 War Bond

  8. MOBILIZING THE ECONOMY 6. Propaganda • Office of War Information • Result: largely avoided anti-German hysteria of WWI • anti-Japanese hysteria on West Coast

  9. MOBILIZING THE ECONOMY

  10. Effects on Society

  11. EFFECTS ON THE HOMEFRONT: IMPACT ON THE ECONOMY • End of the Depression • High employment • Farm crisis ended • personal income • rationing • savings • Union membership • Corporate consolidation

  12. EFFECTS ON THE HOMEFRONT: IMPACT ON SOCIETY: Demographic Shifts • Urbanization • Migration to West, esp. California • rapid industrialization of some western states (California) • Henry J. Kaiser – Kaiser Steel • South –military posts and defense installations Population Shifts 1940-1950 Wartime Army Camps, Naval Bases, and Airfields

  13. EFFECTS ON THE HOMEFRONT: WOMEN, WORK AND FAMILY • Armed Forces - 200K+ women; non-combat roles: clerical jobs in WACS and WAVES. • Work Force - 6.5 million women entered (57% increase) • concentrated in government clerical jobs • "Rosie the Riveter" • Families – “8-hour orphans”, juvenile delinquency, crime • Surveys of time: real concern that families were negatively impacted by war

  14. IMPACT ON SOCIETY: Minorities & Rights • Second Great Migration • Race riots - Detroit and New York (1943) • Armed Forces: Million+ served; in segregated units • Efforts to end discrimination: black unions, threatened marches (A. Philip Randolph on Washington 1942) - pressure on companies with gov’t contracts • FDR’s response: • Executive order prohibiting discrimination in defense plants • Fair Employment Practices Commission to investigate discrimination • Results: • Significant decrease in number willing to accept status of second class citizens. • Repudiation of Nazi racism strengthened civil rights efforts

  15. Segregated Units

  16. EFFECTS ON THE HOMEFRONT: IMPACT ON MINORITIES & CIVIL RIGHTS • Japanese Americans • Internment • Executive Order 8066 • Korematsu v. U.S. (1944) • In re Endo(1944) Japanese American Internment Camps

  17. Japanese-American Internment Japanese-American store Members of the Mochida family awaiting evacuation bus Awaiting baggage inspection upon arrival at Assembly Center, Turlock, CA, May 2, 1942 Crowd of onlookers on the first day of evacuation from the Japanese quarter in San Francisco

  18. Japanese-American Internment War Relocation authority center, Manzanar, California. July 3, 1942 Newly arrived evacuees outside of mess hall at noon, Tanforan Assembly Center. San Bruno, CA, April 29, 1942.(National Archives and Records Administration) The Hirano family, Colorado River Relocation Center, Poston, AZ

  19. GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS: EXPANSION OF GOVERNMENT POWER • New Deal programs - partially eliminated (Ex: WPA, CCC). • Vast expansion of power for federal government • Election of 1944 • FDR ran for unprecedented fourth term • Thomas E. Dewey (Rep Gov NY) – biggest issue: govt control over peoples’ lives • Harry S Truman Employees in the Executive Branch, 1901–1995 Presidential Election of 1944

  20. WAR IN EUROPE

  21. Operation Torch (1942-May 1943) Gen. George C. Marshall Second front in France? Stalingrad (Dec 1942/Jan 1943) Air War incendiary raids on Hamburg, Berlin and Dresden Invasion of Italy Mussolini DEFEATING GERMANY

  22. D-Day

  23. Invasion of Normandy Eisenhower Meets with Paratroopers before D-Day D-DAY LANDING JUNE 6, 1944 After the Normandy Invasion

  24. Allied invasion of France Normandy - D-Day (June 6, 1944) Battle of the Bulge (late December 1944) Fall of Germany Berlin (June 2, 1945) Hitler suicide (April 30) Surrender June 7, 1945 (V-E Day) DEFEATING GERMANY

  25. WAR IN THE PACIFIC

  26. GUIDING QUESTION • Why did the United States decide to use atomic bombs against Japan? (strictly military measure to end the war? or diplomatic measure designed to intimidate the Soviet Union in the postwar era?)

  27. Philippines Bataan Death March Battle of Coral Sea (May 7-8, 1942) Midway (June 4-7, 1942) Island-hopping Gen Douglas MacArthur Admiral Chester Nimitz Solomon Islands – Guadalcanal WAR IN THE PACIFIC

  28. Island-Hopping in the Pacific American Troops Before Amphibious Landing US troops wading ashore Butaritari, November 1943 Attempting to Secure a Beachhead on Pacific Island Sprawled bodies on beach Tarawa

  29. WAR IN THE PACIFIC • Leyte Gulf (Oct 1944) • kamikazes • Iwo Jima (Feb-March 1945) • Okinawa (April – June 1945) Flag Raising on Iwo Jima

  30. BEGINNING THE ATOMIC AGE • FDR death (Warm Springs, GA, April 12, 1945) • Harry S Truman (President 1945-53) Churchill, Roosevelt & Stalin at Yalta, Feb. 1945 President Truman addressing Congress after Roosevelt’s death

  31. BEGINNING THE ATOMIC AGE • Manhattan Project (begun 1942) • Alamagordo, NM, July 16, 1945 • Unconditional surrender or face ”utter destruction” • Hiroshima (August 6, 1945) • Nagasaki (August 9, 1945) • Japan surrender September 2, 1945 (V-J Day) Col. Paul W. Tibbets, Jr., & the ENOLA GAY Atomic Bombs: “Little Boy” & “Fat Man”

  32. Hiroshima After the Bomb Blast, August 6, 1945

  33. Hiroshima After the Bomb Blast, August 6, 1945

  34. Hiroshima after the atomic bomb, August 6, 1945

  35. Nagasaki atomic bombingAugust 9, 1945

  36. Aftermath of Nagasaki bombing

  37. Arguments for use Japanese refused to surrender. It was estimated an invasion similar to D-Day was needed to bring the war to an end. US officials estimated conquest of Japan’s empire would last an additional 18 months to 2 years. US officials estimated Allied casualties at 1/2 to 1 1/2 million, in addition to huge Japanese losses if there was an invasion of Japan. Japanese leadership was informed of the destructive power and nature of the bomb and offered a period to surrender but declined. Arguments opposed Bombs were untested and their destruction unknown Neither city was a major military target and the attacks would mainly kill Japanese civilians. Radiation poisoning, birth defects and contamination would have negative effects on the population. Would set a precedent about using weapons of mass destruction in war ATOMIC BOMB

  38. Surrender ceremonies on the USS Missouri

  39. Japanese Surrenderon the USS Missouri Sept 2, 1945

  40. RESULTS OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR • 300,000 dead, over 800K wounded • $320 billion cost • National debt rose from $50 Billion in 1941 to $250 billion by 1945 • End of Depression • Joined United Nations • Only major power without significant physical damage

  41. 7 Future American Presidents Views of the World Were Formed by Service in WWII

  42. WWII Memorial, Washington, DC Dedicated on April 29, 2004

  43. SOURCES • Brinkley, American History: A Survey 10e • America:Pathways to the Present (2003) • National Archives and Records Administration • Thomson Wadsworth US History Image Bank - http://www.wadsworth.com/history_d/special_features/image_bank_US/1931_1945.html • Teaching Politics, http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/_browse1950.htm • American Journey Online • Divine, America Past and Present Revd 7th Ed. • Nash, The American People 6e; http://wps.ablongman.com/long_nash_ap_6/0,7361,592970-,00.html • Faragher, Out of Many 3e http://wps.prenhall.com/hss_faragher_outofmany_ap/ • Jones, Created Equal • Kennedy, American Pageant 13e • Susan Pojer, Horace Greeley H.S., Chappaqua, NY • Henretta, America’s History 5e, http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/mapcentral • Roark, American Promise 3e, http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/mapcentral • http://www.printmini.com/printables/mil/index.shtml (camouflage)

  44. Franklin Roosevelt in wheelchair

  45. Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill, Tehran, 1943

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