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Explore America's turn outward, conflicts in Cuba and the Philippines, creation of an empire, and the Panama Canal development during the period of 1890-1909.
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Chapter 27 Empire and Expansion, 1890–1909
I. America Turns Outward • National ambition for overseas expansion • Expanded resources and markets • Big Sister policy • Latin America nations behind Uncle Sam’s leadership • Great Rapprochement • Multiple crises with Great Britain avoided • Two nations reconcile
II. Spurning the Hawaiian Pear • Hawaii was an early attraction for Americans • Location, religion, sugar • McKinley Tariff • Taxed Hawaiian sugar • Planters organized a successful revolt early 1893 • U.S. would not annex until 1898
III. Cubans Rise in Revolt • Cuba rose against their Spanish oppressor(1895) • The roots of the revolt were partly economic • Spanish general “Butcher” Weyler took charge • Maine to Cuba for a “friendly visit” (1898) • Maine mysteriously blew up in Havana harbor • McKinley sent his war message to Congress • Congress adopted the Teller Amendment • U.S. would fight for Cuba’s freedom
IV. Dewey’s May Day Victory at Manila(Spanish-American-Filipino War) • U.S. plunged into war (May, 1898) • Commodore Dewey attacked Spain’s Philippines • Assisted by Emilio Aguinaldo • Pacific war increased a desire for Hawaii • Hawaii received full territorial status in 1900 • Spain surrenders The Philippines (Aug., 1898)
V. The Confused Invasion of Cuba(Spanish-American-Cuban War) • The Rough Riders • Regiments of volunteers • Organized principally by Theodore Roosevelt • Commanded by Colonel Leonard Wood • Spain on signed an armistice (August,1898) • U.S. deaths: ~5,000 died of disease, 400 by combat
VI. America’s Course (Curse?) of Empire • Paris Treaty(1898) ends Spanish-American War • Cuba gains independence (from Spanish overlords) • U.S. gains Guam, Puerto Rico, Philippines • U.S. paid $20 million for Mania • The Anti-Imperialist League • Don’t annex Philippines • Don’t make Philippines a colony
VII. Perplexities in Puerto Rico and Cuba • The Insular Cases • Puerto Ricans/Filipinos) subject to American rule • But they did not enjoy all American rights • The anomalous Puerto Rico • The Foraker Act (1900) • Congress granted U.S. citizenship in 1917 • Cubans forced to accept Platt Amendment(1901) • U.S. intervention when U.S. saw necessary
VIII. New Horizons in Two Hemispheres • Spanish-American War – a “splendid little war” • Short (113 days) and successful • U.S. became a full-fledged Asian power
IX. “Little Brown Brothers” in the Philippines • Disappointed Filipinos hoped for independence • Emilio Aguinaldo fights back (1899-1901) • United States was forced to deploy 126,000 troops • 4,234 Americans, ~600,000 Filipinos died • William H. Taft became governor in 1901 • He called them his “little brown brothers” • “Benevolent assimilation” policy • Cost U.S. millions • Filipinos pined for liberty
X. Hinging the Open Door in China • Open Door note (1899) • Respect Chinese rights • Keep China an “open door’ to fair trade • Boxer Rebellion • Anti-foreigner uprising • Results of the Boxer Rebellion • Europeans/Americans win & control trade • Tens of thousands died • Chinese forced to pay $333 million reparations
XI. Imperialism or Bryanism in 1900? • McKinley renominated by Republicans in 1900 • William Jennings, choice of the Democrats • 1900 Election results • McKinley wins popular vote 7,218,491 to 6,356,734 • Electoral College 292 to 155 for McKinley • Victory for the Republicans • Won b/c of Prosperity & protectionism. (The 2 P’s)
XII. TR: Brandisher of the Big Stick • William McKinley murdered in September 1901 • Teddy Roosevelt becomes President (age 42) • Ardent champion of military and naval preparedness • He loved people and mingled with all ranks • Disregarded delicate checks and balances • Take any action not forbidden by Constitution
XIII. Building the Panama Canal • Hay-Pauncefote Treaty: between US and GB • Gave U.S, legal right to build canal • Congress decided on Panama route (June 1902) • The Columbian Senate rejected U.S. offer • Panama rebels, U.S. defends Panama and buys land • Panama Canal Construction begins in 1901 • Cost was ~$400 million, completed in 1914
XIV. TR’s Perversion of Monroe’s Doctrine • The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine • “Preventive intervention” by the U.S. • No Europeans could push around Latin America • TR’s promote the “Bad Neighbor” policy • U.S. seen as the ‘Colossus of the North’ • Policy used to justify wholesale interventions
XV. Roosevelt on the World Stage • Russo – Japanese War (1904-1906) • Japan attacks Port Arthur (1904) • Russia’s counter attacks fail (1905) • TR negotiates a peace (1906) • TR received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906 • Russia & Japan both upset about treaty • Japan and America now became rivals in Asia
XVI. Japanese Laborers in California • Side effect of the Russo-Japanese War • Japanese immigrants poured into California • TR negotiated the “Gentlemen’s Agreement” • TR sends out “The Great White Fleet” (1907) • U.S./Japan sign Root-Tarahira agreement (1908) • Both agree to respect the other’s Pacific possessions • And to uphold the ‘Open Door’ in China.
