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Molecules & Solids

Explore the fundamentals of molecular bonding in solids, including types of solids, conductors, insulators, semiconductors, and superconductivity. Learn about rotation and vibration in molecules, bonding characteristics, and properties of ionic and covalent bonds.

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Molecules & Solids

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  1. Molecules & Solids Harris Ch 9 Eisberg & Resnick Ch 13 & 14 RNave: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/solcon.html#solcon Alison Baski: http://www.courses.vcu.edu/PHYS661/pdf/01SolidState041.ppt Carl Hepburn, “Britney Spear’s Guide to Semiconductor Physics”. http://britneyspears.ac/lasers.htm

  2. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/solcon.html#solconhttp://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/solcon.html#solcon

  3. Harris Sections • Bonding in Molecules (9.1-9.2) • Rotation and Vibration in Molecules (9.3) • Types of Solids & Crystals (9.4) • Nearly Free-Electron Model (9.5) • Conductors, Insulators, Semiconductors (9.6-9.9) • Superconductivity (9.10)

  4. A first look - Sharing ElectronsHarris 9.1

  5. Isolated Atoms

  6. Diatomic Molecule

  7. Four Closely Spaced Atoms conduction band valence band

  8. N closely-spaced Atoms the level of interest has the same nrg in each separated atom Harris 9.2

  9. Two atoms Six atoms Solid of N atoms ref: A.Baski, VCU 01SolidState041.ppt www.courses.vcu.edu/PHYS661/pdf/01SolidState041.ppt

  10. Solid composed of ~NA Na Atomsas fn(R) 1s22s22p63s1

  11. Sodium Bands vs Separation Rohlf Fig 14-4 and Slater Phys Rev 45, 794 (1934)

  12. Copper Bands vs Separation Rohlf Fig 14-6 and Kutter Phys Rev 48, 664 (1935)

  13. Differences down a column in the Periodic Table: IV-A Elements same valence config Sandin

  14. The 4A Elements

  15. Bonding in MoleculesHarris 9.2

  16. Bonding http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/chemical/chemcon.html#c1 R Nave, Georgia State Univ

  17. Chemical Bonding http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/chemical/bondcon.html#c1 R Nave, Georgia State Univ

  18. Ionic Bonds RNave, GSU at http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/chemical/bond.html#c4

  19. Ionic Bonds

  20. Covalent Bonds RNave, GSU at http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/chemical/bond.html#c4

  21. Covalent Bonding SYM ASYM spatial spin ASYM SYM spatial spin s* s

  22. Harris

  23. Covalent Diatomic Level Diagram Harris Fig 9.8

  24. Covalent Bonding not really parallel, but spin-symmetric Stot = 1 Stot = 0 not really anti, but spin-asym E&R

  25. Covalent Two atoms Six atoms Solid of N atoms ref: A.Baski, VCU 01SolidState041.ppt www.courses.vcu.edu/PHYS661/pdf/01SolidState041.ppt

  26. Interesting Pictures

  27. Covalent Bonding with p-orbitals Harris 9.9 & 9.10

  28. Bonding with p-orbitals Harris 9.11

  29. Bonding Dissimilar Atoms-- broken symmetry H 9.14 & Table 9.1

  30. Ionic Characteristics Crystalline solids High melting & boiling point Conduct electricity when melted Many soluble in water, but not in non-polar liquids Covalent Characteristics Gases, liquids, non-crystalline solids Low melting & boiling point Poor conductors in all phases Many soluble in non-polar liquids but not water Ionic vs Covalent Bond Properties

  31. Ionic Bonds RNave, GSU at http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/chemical/bond.html#c4

  32. Ionic Bonds

  33. Ionic Bonding RNave, Georgia State Univ at hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/molecule

  34. Covalent Bonds RNave, GSU at http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/chemical/bond.html#c4

  35. Covalent Bonding SYM ASYM spatial spin ASYM SYM spatial spin space-symmetric tend to be closer

  36. Covalent Bonding not really parallel, but spin-symmetric Stot = 1 Stot = 0 not really anti, but spin-asym space-symmetric tend to be closer

  37. Molecular ExcitationsRotation, Vibration, ElectricHarris 9.3

  38. Rotational Spectra w rotational A.M. moment of inertia

  39. Rotation

  40. Rotation

  41. Rotational Spectra

  42. Vibration

  43. Vibration (in an Electronic state)

  44. Ocean Optics: Nitrogen N2 ~ 0.3 eV ~ 0.4 eV

  45. Electronic + Vibration

  46. Electronic + Vibration + Rotation 2.550 eV 2.656 eV electronic excitation gap vibrational excitation gaps

  47. Electronic + Vibration + Rotation Vibrational Well Vibrational Well 2.656 eV depth ~ 0.063 eV electronic excitation gap vibrational excitation gaps

  48. Electronic, Vibration, Rotation Electronic ~ optical & UV ~ 1 – 3 eV Vibration ~ IR ~ 10ths of eV Rotation ~ microwave ~ 1000ths of eV Harris 9.24

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