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Rat Maze Activity

Learning = 7-9% of AP Exam. Rat Maze Activity. complete the maze starting at the ear and ending at the tail you must work on your own to complete it receive a small piece of candy when maze completed Try again—you can complete as many mazes as possible in the time allotted. Rat Mazes.

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Rat Maze Activity

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  1. Learning = 7-9% of AP Exam Rat Maze Activity • complete the maze starting at the ear and ending at the tail • you must work on your own to complete it • receive a small piece of candy when maze completed • Try again—you can complete as many mazes as possible in the time allotted

  2. Rat Mazes • This is an example of • trial and error learning • instrumental learning/conditioning • Thorndike = response to a stimulus is strengthened when they are instrumental in producing rewards • operant conditioning • B. F. Skinner = positive reinforces strengthen a response if experienced after the response occurs • Each time a completed maze was handed in, candy was received as positive reinforcement A Demonstration in Instrumental Learning and Operant Conditioning

  3. Lemonade Experiment

  4. What is Learning? • Learning refers to the • relatively permanent change in subject’s behavior to a given situation • brought about by repeated experience in that situation • provided that the behavior change cannot be explained on the basis of native response tendencies, maturation or temporary states of the subject (fatigue, drugs, etc.)

  5. Associative Learning: • We learn by association • Our minds naturally connect events that occur in sequence • learning that two events occur together • two stimuli • a response and its consequences

  6. Classical Conditioning VS Operant Conditioning • Classical • Neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that elicits response • Eventually the neutral stimulus causes the response • Pavlov (dog saliva) • Watson (little Albert) • Operant • Process of learning based on producing positive consequences and avoiding negative ones • Measured by rate of response • Skinner (pigeons)

  7. Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning • We learn to associate two stimuli

  8. Classical Conditioning Terms • Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) • stimulus that unconditionally--automatically and naturally--triggers a response • Unconditioned Response(UCR) • unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus • Conditioned Stimulus (CS) • originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, triggers a conditioned response • Conditioned Response (CR) • learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus • Acquisition • the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus (CS) comes to elicit a conditioned response

  9. http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/classical-conditioning.html#lessonhttp://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/classical-conditioning.html#lesson Pavlov’s Classic Experiment Before Conditioning UCS (food in mouth) Neutral stimulus (tone) UCR (salivation) No salivation During Conditioning After Conditioning UCS (food in mouth) CS (tone) Neutral stimulus (tone) UCR (salivation) CR (salivation)

  10. A Classic Study • John B. Watson • Conditioned “emotion” • Fear response in humans (1920) • Little Albert http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/watson-and-little-albert.html#lesson

  11. UCS==== UCR

  12. N + UCS====== UCR

  13. Repeated pairings. . . CS=== CR

  14. SO. . . Who gives the shots? WHY?

  15. Extinction • The gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of the CR • Involves repeatedly presenting the CS without pairing it with the UCS

  16. Acquisition • Involves repeated pairings of the CS and UCS

  17. Spontaneous Recovery • Occurs when a previously extinguished CR suddenly reappears after a period of no training

  18. Generalization • Tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the CS. • Ex. A child who has been bit by a dog may fear all dogs. • After 9/11, people responded anxiously to the sight or sound of planes. • Generalization can be adaptive • toddlers are taught to fear moving cars in the street and would respond similarly to trucks and motorcycles.

  19. Discrimination • Occurs when stimuli similar to the CS do not produce a CR • The more similar the stimuli are to the CS, the greater the difficulty of discrimination • Being able to recognize these differences is adaptive. • Ex. Confronted by a pit bull, your heart may race; confronted by a golden retriever, it likely will not.

  20. The Big Bang Theory: The Gothowitz Deviation

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