2010: 3 million pilgrims participated in the hajj

2. 2010: 3 million pilgrims participated in the hajj 2004: stampede killed 251 1997: tent fire killed 343 1990: stampede killed 1426

3. C 13: The Expansive Realm of Islam • Can you identify and explain the significance of the following?? • Mecca • Medina • Muhammad (570 CE, 622 CE, 630 CE, 632 CE) • Archangel Gabriel • Khadija • The Five Pillars of Faith • “Islam” • Dar-al-Islam • hijra 622 CE, hajj 630 CE • umma • Quran • Sharia • hadith • jihad • Kaaba or Ka’ba • caliph • Sunnis vs. Shias • Umayyad Dynasty • jizya • Abbasid Dynasty • Caravanserais and sakk

4. Persian Miniature c. 1425

5. The Dome of the Rock Jerusalem The dome commemorates the spot where Muhammad ascended into heaven. Muhammad made the night journey (al-Miraj) to Jerusalem on a legendary white winged-beast, part donkey, part mule.

6. Muhammad dies 632 CE (fever) (within 100 yrs, dar-al-Islam bigger than Roman Empire at its peak) Caliphate established Islam spreads under leadership of Abu Bakr Sunni and Shia division Islamic capital moved to Damascus Syria is capital of Muslim Empire Umayyad leadership 661 – 750 CE Abbasids challenge Umayyad leadership Hulagu Khan February 10, 1258 Sacked Bagdad Muslim control in 1261 Baghdad is center of Abbasid Empire from 750-1258 CE Muslim Empire reaches its “Golden Age” 900-1200CE Sejuik Turks challenge Abbasid leadership Umayyad state established in Spain (Al-Andalus) Numerous achievements In the arts and sciences (calculus, trig, decimals, fractions, surgery, orthopedics, “Arabic” numerals) Ferdinand and Isabella force the Muslims out of Spain in 1492

7. Persian miniature c. 16th century

9. Week of November 14 • Reminders: • Monday 11/14: Islam • Tuesday 11/15: Webquest: Song Dynasty • Wednesday 11/16: C 15 ques/GRAPES due • Friday 11/18: DBQ in class • Week of 11/21: • Tuesday 11/22: QUEST C 13,14,15 (MC)

10. Qibla: Direction of Prayer Like Jews, the earliest Muslims prayed facing Jerusalem. According to Islamic tradition, when Muhammad was praying in Medina, he was ordered by God to change the qibla from Jerusalem to Mecca and the Kaaba. Mosques contain a qibla wall Qibla Compasses: pointers are in the shape of a minaret The Kaaba: 1880

11. Kaaba: large granite structure, measures approx. 13 meters high, sides are 11 x 12 meters Eastern Corner = black stone Covered by a silk curtain (kiswah) with gold embroidered calligraphy: replaced yearly Muhammad settling a quarrel between Meccan clans as to which clan should set the Black Stone cornerstone in place when it was rebuilt in early 600s . His solution was to have all the clan elders raise the cornerstone on a cloak, and then Muhammad set the stone into its final place with his own hands. (1315: Persian Illustration)

13. 2006

14. Qiblah direction of Philadelphia is 57.791518 degrees from North clockwise. • Call to Prayer: Five Times a day • Sunset • Night (no shadow) • Sunrise • Mid day (no shadow) • Afternoon Always recited in Arabic no matter where you are in the world

15. Quran improves the status of women • outlawed female infanticide • brides, not husbands, claim dowries • women could inherit property, engage in business, divorce their Husbands • women are equal to men in the • eyes of Allah • BUT male dominance persisted • patrilineal descent • polygamy permitted, polyandry forbidden • veil adopted from ancient Mesopotamian practice (household restrictions/ seclusion) • lives of women become more Restrictive under Sharia law and as the Islamic empire spreads and encounters more profound patrilineal traditions Gender Issues Sharia Law?

16. dar-al-Islam The Expansion of Islam: 622-733 CE The mariner's astrolabe, also called sea astrolabe, was used to determine the latitude of a ship at sea by measuring the sun's noon altitude (declination) or the meridian altitude of a star of known declination. Hemispheric trading zone: increased food supply through trade, new industries (paper), Caravanserais, banking practices, sakk and loans, pooling of resources to share risk, Lateen sail (South Asia and China), astrolabe (Greek)

17. Battle of Tours 732 CE

20. Court of the Lions, the Alhambra (1300s CE) Granada, Spain 124 slender marble columns surround an open court- the walls and arches are decorated with tiles and delicately carved designs

24. Great Mosque Cordoba, Spain Al- Andalus

26. Mosque Isfahan, Persia (Iran)

27. Built entirely of mud Covers an area equal to a city block Mud walls: 16-24 inches thick Five stories and three minarets Each spring the people of Djenne plaster the mosque with fresh mud Great Mosque of Djenne (1200s CE) Mali, Africa

28. TWE (To What Extent) do you agree or disagree: The Post Classic Islamic world was a time of rapid economic growth in the Eastern Hemisphere. Provide evidence

29. TWE (To What Extent) do you agree or disagree: The Abbasid dynasty helped to bridge differences in cultural traditions and helped to spread Islamic influences throughout Dar-al Islam. Provide evidence

30. Formation of Islamic Cultural Tradition • achieved through the uniformity of Islamic law in dar-al-Islam • establishment of madrasas • importance of the hajj • popularity of sufi missionaries

31. Arabian Nights The Thousand and One Nights Poet: Omar Rubiyan • Islam and the Cultural Traditions of • Persia, South Asia and Greece • Conquered territories brought their • local traditions to Islamic faith • (syncretism) • From Persia: • administrative techniques • kings as wise and benevolent • absolute leadership • literary works: Persian was principle • language of literature, poetry, history • From South Asia: • mathematics, science and medicine • adopted “Hindi” numbers • allowed for development of algebra, • Trigonometry and geometry • math helped develop astronomy • From Greece: • classical philosophy, science • tried to synthesize Islamic thought • and Greek philosophy • Ibn Rushd (1126-1198)= Aristotle • (pure rational thought) (met with some • resistance) many Muslims placed more • Value on Quran than human thought

32. What is the most significant area of CONTINUITY in the Middle East/ North Africa at this time? Provide evidence. What is the most significant area of CHANGE in the Middle East/ North Africa at this time? Provide evidence.

36. Both Islam and Buddhism are missionary religions. Outside of the message, what • aspect of the sufis and the monks would have the most appeal to new converts? • The possibility of leading an ascetic lifestyle. • The opportunity to travel widely while following the missionaries. • The possibility of escaping from one’s social class. • The profoundly pious example set by the missionaries. • Both the caliphate and the Mauryan empire in India had successful administrations in their • early years. When one compares the administrations, what basic difference exists? • While the caliphs were tolerant of other religions, the Mauryans were not. • While Ashoka encouraged agriculture, the caliphate’s focus was more commercial. • The caliphate had no standing army while the Mauryans did. • The Mauryans had a secular government while the caliphate was a theocracy. • Like Buddhism and Christianity, Islam can be described as a derivative religion. Each grew • out of another religious tradition through the efforts of one individual. In what way was Islam • different from the others? • Neither of the others had practical rules for living daily lives. • The spread of Islam was vastly more successful in a shorter period of time. • Only Islam was spread through military conquest and missionary efforts. • Islam was more focused on the material world than the spiritual world.

38. Chador models: Damascus, Syria

39. Hijab: Arab = “cover , to veil or sheltar” Chador: most commonly worn by Sunni Muslims Burqa Chadri: most commonly worn in Western Pakistan and Afghanistan

40. Shown in red are German states banning the wearing of headscarves by female teachers (as of 2007)