By: Allison Riggs Mr. Hogue 1 st hour

1. Greek Mythology By: Allison Riggs Mr. Hogue 1st hour

2. Gods & Goddesses • There are The Olympians and the Titans. • Olympian gods and goddesses were the main and strongest in Ancient Greek mythology. • In Greek myths there are 12 Olympian gods and goddesses referred to, but there were 14 Olympian gods and goddesses total. • The Titans were born from Gaea (Earth) & Uranus (the Heaven) and were before the Olympians. • Zeus, Poseidon, Hades, Aphrodite, Apollo, Artemis, Ares, Athena, Demeter, Dionysus, Hephaestus, Hera, Hermes, and Hestia.

3. Sacred Places • Mount Oympus- The highest mountain in Greece. Home of the 12 Olympian gods in mythology. • Temple of Hephaestus- Located in central Athens, Greece. It is sometimes called the Theseum, due to a belief current in Byzantine times that the bones of the legendary Greek hero Theseus were buried there. • Tumulus of Marathon- The fertile plain of Marathon was a natural place for the establishment and development of human activity from prehistoric to Roman times. Here on this plain the battle between the Athenians and the Persians was fought in 490 B.C. To this great event Marathon owes its worldwide fame and its important place in the conscience of the ancient Greeks. • Delphi- the centre of the world: • Temple of Apollo- The visible ruins belong to the last temple, dated to the 4th century BCE, which was peripteral, in Doric order. It was erected on the remains of an earlier temple, dated to the 6th century BCE. Inside was the "adyton", the centre of the Delphic oracle and seat of Pythia. • Castalian Spring- In Greece, the Phaedriades ("the shining ones") were the pair of cliffs, ca 700 m high on the lower southern slope of Mt. Parnassos, which enclose the sacred site of Delphi, the center of the Hellenic world. Strabo, Plutarch and Pausanias all mentioned the Phaedriades in describing the site, a narrow valley of the Pleistus (today Xeropotamos) formed by Parnasse and Mt. Cirphis. Between them rises the Castalian Spring. Even today, at noontime, the rock faces reflect a dazzling glare. The Castalian Spring in the ravine between the Phaedriades at Delphi is where all comers to Delphi, the contestants in the Pythian Games and especially suppliants who came to consult the Oracle, stopped to wash their hair. Two fountains fed by the sacred spring survive. The archaic (early 6th century BCE) fountain house has a marble-lined basin surrounded by benches. There is also a Hellenistic or Roman fountain with niches hollowed in the rock to receive votive gifts. The Castalian Spring predates all of classical Delphi: the archaic guardian of the spring was the serpent or dragon Python, killed by Apollo in its lair beside the spring.

4. Sacred Places (continued)‏ • Sanctuary of Poseidon and Athena at Sounion- The sanctuary at Sounion is one of the most important sanctuaries in Attica. Sporadic finds point to the conclusion that the site was inhabited in the prehistoric period but there is no evidence of religious practice in such an early date. "Sounion Hiron" (sanctuary of Sounion) is first mentioned in the Odyssey, as the place where Menelaos stopped during his return from Troy to bury his helmsman, Phrontes Onetorides. The finds of the 7th century B.C. are numerous and prove the existence of organized cult on two points of the promontory: at the southern edge where the temenos of Poseidon was situated, and about 500 m. to the NE of it, where the sanctuary of Athena was established. Important votive offerings were dedicated during the 6th century B.C., but the architectural form of both sanctuaries remained unpretentious until the beginning of the 5th century B.C., when the Athenians initiated the construction of an imposing poros temple in the temenos of Poseidon. The building was never completed, though, as both the temple and the offerings were destroyed by the Persians in 480 B.C. In the following decades, Sounion, like the rest of Attica, flourished, and an important building project was undertaken at both sanctuaries. At the end of the 5th century and during the Peloponnesian War, the Athenians fortified Sounion cape. From the 1st century B.C. onwards, the sanctuaries gradually declined and Pausanias, who sailed along the coast of the promontory in the mid-2nd century A.D., wrongly considered the prominent temple on the top of the hill as the temple of Athena.

5. Sacred Places (continued)‏ • Propylon - Porticoes The Propylon was constructed a little later than the Classical temple, and was made of marble and poros. It is Doric, distyle in antis on both sides (north and south). A partition wall inside the building has three doorways, of which the middle one is wider and has a ramp. A small rectangular hall is attached on the west wall of the Propylon, while porticoes are erected along the north and west sides of the sanctuary. The north of these porticoes is larger and slightly earlier. • The Fortress- Sounion cape was fortified in 412 B.C. during the Peloponnesian War, in order to control and secure the ships carrying cereals to Athens. The use of various materials and construction techniques is probably the result of repairs and additions made during the Chremonides' War and the following years (266-229 B.C.). The sanctuary of Poseidon occupies the SE end of the fortress. The wall starts at the NE corner, extends to the north and turns to the west. Shipyards for the sheltering of two war ships were constructed on the coast, at the west end of the north branch of the fortification. Inside the fortress, excavations have brought to light part of a central street, remains of houses, and water cisterns. • Ancient Agora of Athens- The Agora was the heart of ancient Athens, the focus of political, commercial, administrative and social activity, the religious and cultural center, and the seat of justice. The site was occupied without interruption in all periods of the city's history. It was used as a residential and burial area as early as the Late Neolithic period (3000 B.C.). • Stoa of Zeus Eleutherios- The stoa was erected at the end of the 5th century B.C. in honor of those who fought for the freedom and security of the city. Socrates is said to have met his friends in this stoa.

6. Sacred Places (continued)‏ • Temple of Apollo Patroos- Small Ionic temple, erected in ca. 340-320 B.C., identified as the temple of Apollo who was worshipped as the "Father" (Pater), the founder of the Ionian race. Inside the cella stood the cult statue of the god, made by the famous sculptor Euphranor. • Monument of the Eponymous Heroes- Remains of an oblong pedestal enclosed by a fence. It supported the bronze statues of the legendary heroes who gave their names to the ten tribes of Attica. In addition to its honorary function, the monument served as the official notice board of the city. It is dated to the second half of the 4th century B.C. • Rhamnous- The site of 'Rhamnous,' the northernmost deme of Attica, lies north of Marathon overlooking the Euboean Strait. The site was known in Antiquity for its sanctuary of Nemesis, the implacable avenging goddess. A fortified acropolis dominates the two small harbors, from which grain was imported for Athens during the Peloponnesian War. Otherwise, Rhamnous was strategically significant enough to be fortified and receive an Athenian garrison. Remains of the two temples can be seen. The 6th century Temple of Nemesis was destroyed by the Persians in 480 BCE and replaced by a never-completed temple in the 5th century. A smaller temple that shares the sanctuary platform (peribolos) is thought to have been dedicated to Thetis, based on the dedications of two marble seats, to Nemesis and to Thetis. • Thorikos- The hill known today as Velatouri is the centre of a Mycenaean settlement and also of the ancient deme of Thorikos. Preserved are the unusual theatre of the 6th-4th centuries B.C., parts of the settlement, some of the metal-working establishments, a square tower of the 4th century B.C., the cemeteries and the sanctuary of Demeter and Kore.

7. Monsters & Creatures • Centaurs-rude, aggressive half- horse creatures • Cerberus- the guard of the Underworld • Cyclopes- one-eyed monstrous creatures • Giants- huge, unbeatable Greek monsters • Hecatonchires- hundred-handed, dreadful monsters • Medusa- the frightful opponent of Perseus • Satyrs- joyful half-goat creatures • Typhoon- the monstrous opponent of Zeus

8. Works Cited • Author unknown. “Ancient Greek Sacred Sites” [Online] http://www.crystalinks.com/greeksacredsites.html February 22, 2011. • Author unknown. “First Greek Gods” [Online] http://www.greek-gods.info/ February 20, 2011. • Author unknown. “Monsters and Creatures” [Online] http://www.greek-gods.info/ February 20, 2011. • Author unknown. “Olympian Gods and Goddesses” [Online] http://www.greek-gods.info/ February 18, 2011. • Picture of Centaur. [Online Image] http://humanityhealing.net/2010/12/the-chiron-codex/ February 20, 2011. • Picture of Cerberus. [Online Image] http://demigoddatabase.com/?p=1839 February 20, 2011. • Picture of Cyclopes. [Online Image] http://www.scaryforkids.com/cyclops/ February 20, 2011. • Picture of Gods and Goddesses. [Online Image]http://www.historyonthenet.com/shop/downloadable-resources/posters-1-2-3-4/history-1-2/greek-gods-and-goddesses-a3-pdf.htmlFebraury 17, 2011. • Picture of Zeus with lighting bolt on title page. [Online Image] http://www.hsd3.org/HighSchool/Teachers/MATTIXS/Mattix%20homepage/studentwork/Katelyn%20Biterman%20webpage/Zeus.htmFebruary 17, 2011.