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Deep Ocean

Deep Ocean. By Amina Sosic. Biotic/Abiotic Factors. Animals:  Microorganisms Squid Octopus Diversity of Fish Plants: Because sunlight doesn’t travel down to the this layer of ocean, photosynthesis cannot occur. This is why there aren’t any plants down in the deep ocean.

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Deep Ocean

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  1. Deep Ocean By Amina Sosic

  2. Biotic/Abiotic Factors Animals: Microorganisms Squid Octopus Diversity of Fish Plants: Because sunlight doesn’t travel down to the this layer of ocean, photosynthesis cannot occur. This is why there aren’t any plants down in the deep ocean. Elevated hydrostatic pressure Low temperatures (-2 to 4 degrees Celsius) Volcanic/hydrothermal vents Absence of sunlight

  3. Symbiotic Relationships One symbiotic relationship is between the male and female Angler fish. When mating, the male fish will attach itself to the female’s stomach. The male will then fertilize the eggs for the female and in return the female will allow the male to fuse himself to her and receive sustenance for the rest of his life. Another relationship is between bacteria and invertebrate creatures. The bacteria will absorb chemicals from hydrothermal vents on the sea floor. Then the bacteria are eaten by invertebrates so that they can live inside their body. The invertebrate in return receives sustenance. This process is called Chemosynthesis.

  4. Trophic Levels Autotrophs: phytoplankton, chemical-absorbing bacteria 1st Order Heterotrophs: Zooplankton 2nd Order Heterotrophs: Small fish, Crustaceans 3rd Order Heterotrophs: Larger fish, Squid, Octopus

  5. Cycles Water Cycle: There wouldn’t be any life in the deep ocean without this cycle. With this cycle water is constantly rejuvenated and cleaned. Also, deep ocean currents are also formed with this cycle. Carbon Cycle: CO2 is very important in the deep ocean. Phytoplankton use this to produce carbohydrates and oxygen. Animals then consume the phytoplankton and the CO2 then travels up the trophic levels. Nitrogen Cycle: The flow of nitrogen compounds between the air and ocean is essential to life. Nitrogen is a dietary requirement for all organisms.

  6. Limiting Factors *Not enough organic food *An absence of sunlight *An absence of vegetation *Temperature: -The low temperature affects the metabolic rate of organism -With a low temperature there is a slower activity rate *Low amounts of dissolved nutrients

  7. Succession HYDROTHERMAL VENT SCENERIO: 1) The sulfate reducing bacteria will colonize vents. 2) Sulfide oxidizing bivalves and worms will colonize the area. 3) Scavengers will start to arrive. WHALE FALL SCENERIO: 1) Mobile scavenger phase: -Hagfish, crabs, and amphipods strip off the flesh 2) Enrichment opportunist stage: -worms remove remaining tissue to fully expose bone 3) Sulfophillic stage: -Hydrothermal vent oxidizers appear and feed off of the sulfide in the bones.

  8. Fangtooth Fish Niche: the fangtooth fish is one of the most dangerous predators to organisms of the deep sea. Adaptations: Jelly-like flesh which helps with buoyancy. Reduced silhouette that helps camouflage them. Stretchy stomach and sharp teeth that help it swallow its prey whole. Large eyes adapted for seeing in the dark waters. Competition: Large fish (ex. Viper Fish) are a major competition to the fangtooth fish because they hunt for the same prey. With a very low amount of organic food in the deep sea, it’s a major competition for larger organisms on who will consume it.

  9. Deep Ocean Octopus Adaptation: Has 8 arms that are lined with “Cirri” (hair-like projections) that help it sense and grasp food easily. Paddle-like structures that help it swim. Ink can be sprayed from the octopus’ body when it feel threatened, serves as an escape method. Skin can change colors to either camouflage or scare away bigger predators. Niche: This octopus also serves as a major predator to smaller organisms in the deep ocean. Competition: By being one of the bigger predators in the deep ocean, this octopus only has a few larger predators such as the giant squid, or other species of octopus that fight to obtain food.

  10. Environmental Issues Deep sea/ocean fishing is one way that human “needs” are affecting this biome. Every year millions of organisms are fished out of the ocean either legally as food or they are illegally poached so that they can be sold for high amounts of money. This human exploitation is taking a great toll on our oceans. Some ecological problems that the deep ocean is facing is pollution. Every day three billion pieces of garbage enter the ocean. These pieces either float or sink down to the bottom of the sea and kill off organisms and affect the ecosystems.

  11. SAVE OUR SEAS organization Mission Statement: “Preserve, Protect, & Restore” The S.O.S. is a non-profit organization based in Hawaii. Their main mission is to “utilize education and research to preserve, protect, and restore the world’s ocean’s for future generations.” One project that they are funding is the “Ocean Pulse” Marine Education project. With this program children will be educated on the different research ways to help conserve the ocean. Other programs include the “Open Ocean Recycling Program” and the “Sea Surge Project”. All of their programs aim to educate the youth of today on what they can do to save the oceans for tomorrow.

  12. http://marinebio.org/Oceans/TheDeep/ http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/1329642/effects_of_deep_ocean_pollution.html http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://aqua.gjovaag.com/ http://www.portaec.net/library/pollution/fish_dying_pollution.jpg http://nmlc.org/ http://www.saveourseas.org/saveourseas/aloha.html http://www.saveourseas.org/saveourseas/seasurge.html http://www.nationalgeographic.com/

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