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This text explores the causes and rapid spread of Western imperialism in the late 1800s. It examines economic, political, military, and ideological motivations behind this "new imperialism" and discusses the different forms of rule employed by imperialist nations. The text also highlights resistance and opposition to imperialism.
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Objectives • Analyze the causes of the “new imperialism.” • Explain why Western imperialism spread so rapidly. • Describe how imperial governments ruled their empires.
Terms and People • imperialism – the domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region • protectorate– a region in which a local ruler was left in place but expected to follow the advice of European advisors on issues such as trade or missionary activity • sphere of influence–an area in which an outside power claimed exclusive investment or trading privileges
How did Western nations come to dominate much of the world in the late 1800s? Great Britain and other Western countries built overseas empires in the late 1800s. Advances in science and technology, industry, transportation, and communication gave these industrialized nations many advantages. Armed with new economic and political power, Western nations set out to dominate the world.
In the late 1800s, Western imperialism expanded aggressively. Imperialism • _____________________ is the domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region. • Although Europeans had established colonies earlier, they had previously had little direct influence over people in China, India, or Africa.
The strong, centrally governed nation-states of Europe were greatly enriched by the Industrial Revolution. Encouraged by their new strength, these nations embarked on a path of expansion—the _______________. new imperialism
Political Motivations Military Motivations
Forces Behind the “New Imperialism” markets raw materials Aggressive national pride, known as jingoism, fueled competition for colonies.
Missionaries, doctors, and colonial officials saw it as their duty to spread the blessings of Western civilization. • These benefits included medicine, law, and the Christian religion. Imperialism was also driven by genuine humanitarian and religious goals.
Behind the West’s civilizing mission was also a sense of racial superiority. Social Darwinists • _______________applied Darwin’s theory of natural selection to societies. • They saw imperialism as nature’s way of improving the human race. As a result, many non-Westerners lost their cultural heritage.
“Take up the White Man’s burden- Send forth the best ye breed Go bind your sons to exile To serve your captives ‘need; To wait, in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild- Your new-caught, sullen peoples, Half-devil and half-child.” -Rudyard Kipling,“The White Man’s Burden”
From 1870 to 1914, imperialist nations gained control over much of the world. Colonizer’s Logic These natives are unintelligent — We can’t understand their language. Chinweizu (Nigeria) — Voices from Twentieth-Century Africa: Griots and Towncriers • Explorers, missionaries, soldiers, merchants, and settlers led the way. • Imperialism found support among all classes of society, including bankers, manufacturers, and workers. French soldiers in Madagascar
Some tried to strengthen their societies by reforming their Hindu, Muslim, or Confucian traditions. Educated Africans and Asians tried to form nationalist movements to expel the imperialists. Asians and Africans resisted but were over- powered by weapons such as the Maxim machine gun.
Within Western nations, a small group of anti-imperialists opposed empire building. • Some saw imperialism as a tool of the rich. • Some felt it was immoral. • Others saw it as undemocratic. Westerners were moving toward greater democracy at home, they argued, but were imposing undemocratic rule on others.
How does this political cartoon express the arguments used by anti-imperialists?
Direct Rule Indirect Rule Protectorate Example: The United States allowed Cuba to be independent but continued to control Cuba’s economic and foreign affairs Sphere of Influence
Imperialist nations developed several ways to rule their colonies. directly indirectly
Two other forms of rule were through protectorates and spheres of influence. Protectorates Spheres of influence
