Excreta disposal in Emergency

1. Excreta disposal in Emergency Objectives & Minimum Sphere Standards Technical options Operation & Maintenance

2. What is dangerous about faeces? • Primary sanitary barriers • Toilets • Hand-washing (critical times) • Water treatment and water handling • Food hygiene

3. Rapid assessment & planning design Implementation: 1st phase – Immediate action In-depth assessment & planning design Implementation: 2nd phase – medium term action Monitoring How do we do excreta disposal in a emergency? Cycle Inputs from HP teams • Community consultation process to feed into design, siting and maintenance of emergency hardware facilities • Ensure understanding of different target groups • Provide feedback on modifications in design of facilities • Baseline survey: monitor sanitation coverage

4. Sphere Standards and Indicators SPHERE standard 1: access to and numbers of toilets People have sufficient numbers of toilets, sufficiently close to their dwellings to allow them rapid, safe and acceptable access at all times of the day and night. Standard 1 example indicators > Maximum 20 people per toilet > Use of toilets arranged by household and /or segregated by sex > Separate toilets for men and women in public places

5. Sphere Standards and Indicators SPHERE standard 2: design and construction People have access to toilets which are designed, constructed and maintained in such a way as to be comfortable, hygienic and safe to use. Standard 2 example indicators > Toilets are built in such a way that they can be used by all sections of the population, including children, older people, pregnant women and physically and mentally disabled people > Users (especially women) have been consulted and approve of the siting and design of the toilet

6. Technical options 4-6 weeks 4-6 months disaster • Medium term action • 2nd phase stabilized emergency • Simple pit latrine • VIP latrine • Eco – San • Borehole latrine • Pour-flush latrines • Septic tanks • Family facilities • Community participation • Immediate action • 1st phase Acute emergency • Open defecation fields • Shallow trench latrines • Deep trench latrine • Shallow family latrines • Bucket latrine • Packet latrine • Chemical toilets • Control free defecation • Communal facilities • Community consultation

7. Latrine components – basics • Privacy and dignity • Roof is essential in areas with high rainfall • Door / spiral-shaped entrance • < 1 m2 is recommended • Frame: timber, PVC pipe, • Fitted with plastic sheeting, local materials • User’s involvement in design Superstructure • Support weight of a person • Easy to clean • Prefabricated or manufactured locally • Concrete, wood, ferrocement or plastic Slab • 1 m across and 3 m deep (minimum 0.9 m diameter) • Best shape: circular • The top 0.5 m of a pit should be always lined (but depend of soil) • Different pit linen material: locally available Pit

8. Open Defecation fields WHEREVER POSSIBLE AVOID DEFECATION FIELDS AND INSTALL TRENCH LATRINES AS FIRST OPTION

9. Shallow trench latrine

10. Deep trench latrine

13. Technical design: organizational options Public facilities: Designed, built, maintained and cleaned by an outside body on behalf of the users. They belong to the outside body and not the users. Family facilities: Usually designed and built by the users (with or without designs, tools and materials provided by others). They may be used by several families. The latrine belongs to the family / ies. Communal facilities: Similar to public facilities but which are managed by the community as a shared resource (market, school, etc.). The facility belong to the community.

14. Design considerations • Number of people using latrine • Comfort and community desires • Tradition of latrine use in community • Privacy • Anal cleansing material (amount of water used) • Emptying/Longevity: • How long will population stay? • Technology available and bulk disposal (don’t move the problem around) • What other materials will be there • What will a stable population do next (Land)

15. Design considerations (cont.) • Pit size V = (NxSxD) + 0.5 m of free space x A N = number of users S = Sludge accumulation (m3/person/year) D= design life(years) A= pit-base area (m2) • Groundwater • Usually 99% of pathogens destroyed within 2m of unlined pit in unconsolidated soils if above water table • Fine soils or fractured rock then risk extends further. • If in saturated zone then contamination spread is HORIZONTAL (usually) up to 15m • Soil conditions • Should be self supporting • Watch for effects throughout the seasons • Permeability, for size and contamination

16. Design considerations (cont.) • Siting • Communal latrines good distance (30m) away from dwellings and down wind if possible • Family latrines near to dwelling (5m) • Away from water sources (see groundwater) • Avoid depressions, water courses that might run with water • DISCUSS with community • Space for additional latrines • Construction resources (local materials; superstructure) • Safety and accessibility (Lighting, Location, Distance, Screening, Design - separate M/W/Children - ) • Operation and maintenance • Construction of hand washing facilities

17. Exercise – latrine design • In your group think about the positive and negative aspects of this design (10 min) This latrine unit in a makeshift hospital in Pakistan was designed with double space to allow for wheelchair access. The unit had tarpaulin fixed over the wooden planks for ease of cleaning. A commode chair should be located over the squat hole. Source: OXFAM. Photographer: Saira Raza

18. O&M Promoting among target population the appropriate use and maintenance of excreta disposal facilities • Cleaning: Supervision + Equipment + Training • Communal latrines: Need for employing some members to clean and maintain • Ownership: Involving population in design, siting, construction, maintenance, etc. Family latrines • Coordination with other agencies: consisted approach (paid staff vs. volunteer staff) • Distribution of cleaning materials: cleaning kit (disinfectants, mops, rags, buckets, gloves, etc)

19. Which one would you use?

20. Pre - moulded plastic squatting plates • Standard-size squatting plate (790 mm x 590 mm) • MSM: 120 units (2 pallets) • Easily removable drop-hole cover which reduces the odour and fly nuisance. • They are easy to clean, resistant to urine, faeces and most commonly known chemicals and are both vermin and termite proof. Monarflex squatting plates

21. Plastic squatting plates Austrian RC in Batagram (Pakistan) EQ Operation

22. SanPlat moulds – All in one • For local production of smallconcrete slabs (60 x 60 cm) with one mould only. • Attractive to look at and easyto clean. • The Plastic lid and the foot operated handle • Standardized drop hole dimensions allow for standardized tight fittinglids. • MSM: 25 units http://www.sanplat.com

23. SanPlat moulds – All in one • The small SanPlat 60x60 cm is easily made in an all-in-one plastic mould. • For best results the first portion of concrete should be a cement slurry. • Later much stiffer concrete (1+2+2 volumes of cement, sand an stone) is added to absorb the excess water. http://www.sanplat.com

24. SanPlat moulds – All in one

25. SanPlat Mould Box - components • 10 drop hole moulds in plastic • 2 belt moulds:  1.2 m diameter • 2 belt moulds:  1.5 m diameter • 6 belt clips • 2 arch moulds:  1.2 m diameter • 2 arch moulds:  1.5 m diameter • 2 SanPlat foot rest moulds • 2 SanPlat wooden frames:  60 x 60 cm • Latrine building manuals http://www.sanplat.com

26. SanPlat Mould Box http://www.sanplat.com

27. Wooden frames – reinforced concrete slabs Reinforcing bars

28. Mozambique domes – shaped slabs http://www.sanplat.com Serial production of dome-shaped SanPlats at the Maxaquene training centre in Maputo. • Note that the SanPlats can be cast one on top of the other, hence reducing the need for spade at the casting yard.

29. Latrine construction – WATSAN Mod.15 equipment • Tools: hoes, shovels, spade, pick axes, axes, saws, hammers, • Squatting plates (50): 2 pallets • Latrine sanplat mould box: 1 box • Sanplat mould, All-in-one: 10 moulds • Wheelbarrow (85 l): 3 units • Plastic sheeting (4 x 60 m): 6 units

30. Bibliography……….

31. Thank you……….