Steve M. J. Janssen, Antonio G. Chessa & Jaap M. J. Murre University of Amsterdam

1. Temporal distribution of favourite books, movies, and records: Differential encoding or re-sampling? Steve M. J. Janssen, Antonio G. Chessa & Jaap M. J. Murre University of Amsterdam NVP Wintercongres 2005

2. Methods to examine autobiographical memory • Free narratives • Free narratives • Diaries • Free narratives • Diaries • Three most important (or vivid) personal events • Free narratives • Diaries • Three most important (or vivid) personal events • The Galton-Crovitz cueing method (cue words, pictures, odours) NVP Wintercongres 2005

3. Temporal distribution autobiographical memory • Childhood amnesia • Childhood amnesia • Reminiscence bump • Childhood amnesia • Reminiscence bump • Recency effect Rubin, Wetzler & Nebes (1986) NVP Wintercongres 2005

4. Hypotheses reminiscence bump • Are events stored better in early adulthood? • Are events stored better in early adulthood? Differential encoding hypothesis • Are events stored better in early adulthood? Differential encoding hypothesis • Are events from early adulthood recalled more frequently? • Are events stored better in early adulthood? Differential encoding hypothesis • Are events from early adulthood recalled more frequently? Re-sampling hypothesis NVP Wintercongres 2005

5. What is the influence of rehearsal? • Books are read only once or twice • Books are read only once or twice • Movies are watched more frequently • Books are read only once or twice • Movies are watched more frequently - Holbrook & Schindler (1996): Participants gave highest preference ratings to movies that came out when they were 26 • Books are read only once or twice • Movies are watched more frequently - Holbrook & Schindler (1996): Participants gave highest preference ratings to movies that came out when they were 26 - Sehulster (1996): Average age when participants saw favorite movie was 27.6 • Books are read only once or twice • Movies are watched more frequently - Holbrook & Schindler (1996): Participants gave highest preference ratings to movies that came out when they were 26 - Sehulster (1996): Average age when participants saw favorite movie was 27.6 • Records are listened to numerous times - Holbrook & Schindler (1989): Participants gave highest preference ratings to music hits that came out when they were 24 • No experiment which compares books, movies and records • Books are read only once or twice • Movies are watched more frequently - Holbrook & Schindler (1996): Participants gave highest preference ratings to movies that came out when they were 26 - Sehulster (1996): Average age when participants saw favorite movie was 27.6 • Records are listened to numerous times - Holbrook & Schindler (1989): Participants gave highest preference ratings to music hits that came out when they were 24 • Books are read only once or twice • Movies are watched more frequently - Holbrook & Schindler (1996): Participants gave highest preference ratings to movies that came out when they were 26 - Sehulster (1996): Average age when participants saw favorite movie was 27.6 • Records are listened to numerous times NVP Wintercongres 2005

6. Expectations • Size of the recency effect; largest for books • Size of the reminiscence bump; largest for records • Size of the recency effect; largest for books • Size of the reminiscence bump; largest for records • Location of the reminiscence bump? • Size of the recency effect; largest for books NVP Wintercongres 2005

7. Favorites questionnaire • Participants’ three favorite movies, books and records • Participants’ three favorite movies, books and records • Within participants three levels of rehearsal • Participants’ three favorite movies, books and records • Within participants three levels of rehearsal • http://memory.uva.nl/testpanel/fav/ • Participants’ three favorite movies, books and records • Within participants three levels of rehearsal • http://memory.uva.nl/testpanel/fav/ • English and Dutch version • Participants’ three favorite movies, books and records • Within participants three levels of rehearsal • http://memory.uva.nl/testpanel/fav/ • English and Dutch version • January 2005 – November 2005 NVP Wintercongres 2005

8. Participants • N = 895 • N = 895 • Mage = 32.61 yrs • N = 895 • Mage = 32.61 yrs • 12 age groups – 16-20; 21-25; …; 71-75 • N = 895 • Mage = 32.61 yrs • 12 age groups – 16-20; 21-25; …; 71-75 • Nmales = 303; Nfemales = 592 NVP Wintercongres 2005

9. NVP Wintercongres 2005

10. Results • Size of the recency effect (last 5 years) • Size of the recency effect (last 5 years) • Size of the reminiscence bump (11-25 yrs) • Location of the reminiscence bump • Size of the recency effect (last 5 years) • Size of the reminiscence bump (11-25 yrs) NVP Wintercongres 2005

11. Size of the recency effect (last 5 yrs) NVP Wintercongres 2005

12. Size of the reminiscence bump (11-25 yrs) NVP Wintercongres 2005

13. Location of the reminiscence bump NVP Wintercongres 2005

14. Results • The distribution of books, which have low rehearsal, had a larger proportion recent items than the distribution of movies and records, which have high rehearsal, Friedman’s rank order-code, Q(2) = 11.17, p = .01, Kendall’s W = .465 • The distribution of books, which have low rehearsal, had a larger proportion recent items than the distribution of movies and records, which have high rehearsal, Friedman’s rank order-code, Q(2) = 11.17, p = .01, Kendall’s W = .465 • Participants younger than 56 years: The distribution of records had a larger proportion of items from early adulthood than the distributions of books and movies, Q(2) = 9.75, p = .01, W = .609 • The distribution of books, which have low rehearsal, had a larger proportion recent items than the distribution of movies and records, which have high rehearsal, Friedman’s rank order-code, Q(2) = 11.17, p = .01, Kendall’s W = .465 • Participants younger than 56 years: The distribution of records had a larger proportion of items from early adulthood than the distributions of books and movies, Q(2) = 9.75, p = .01, W = .609 • However, participants older than 55 years: The distribution of movies had a larger proportion of items from early adulthood than the distributions of records and books, Q(2) = 6.50, p = .05, W = .813 NVP Wintercongres 2005

15. Conclusions • All distributions showed a reminiscence bump in the distribution (differential encoding) • All distributions showed a reminiscence bump in the distribution (differential encoding) • However, we also found a larger recency effect for books and larger reminiscence bump for records (re-sampling) • All distributions showed a reminiscence bump in the distribution (differential encoding) • However, we also found a larger recency effect for books and larger reminiscence bump for records (re-sampling) • Therefore, we propose an interaction between differential encoding and re-sampling • All distributions showed a reminiscence bump in the distribution (differential encoding) • However, we also found a larger recency effect for books and larger reminiscence bump for records (re-sampling) • Therefore, we propose an interaction between differential encoding and re-sampling • Items are stored better in early adulthood and have a greater chance to be retrieved, which makes these items even stronger NVP Wintercongres 2005

16. Thank you for your attention! • s.m.j.janssen@uva.nl • http://memory.uva.nl/ NVP Wintercongres 2005

17. Distribution of Current Reading, Viewing and Listening of Books, Movies and Records NVP Wintercongres 2005