TO QUOTE OR NOT TO QUOTE

1. TO QUOTE OR NOT TO QUOTE Interpreting Direct Address and Indirect Address into ASL and Spoken English NAOBI 2010

2. Objectives • Define direct and indirect address in English and ASL • Recognize the use of direct address in spoken discourse • Recognize the use of indirect address/reported speech in spoken discourse • Take direct address and reported speech in English and interpret it into direct address in ASL NAOBI 2010

3. Objectives, continued • Recognize the use of direct address in ASL • Take direct address in ASL and interpret it into direct address in English • Take direct address in ASL and interpret it into reported speech in English • Determine which situations are best suited for which type of discourse: direct address or reported speech NAOBI 2010

4. What We Will Cover NAOBI 2010

5. Defining Direct and Indirect Address • Direct Address consists of the use of a term or name for the person spoken to, as in securing the attention of that person. • Indirect Speech (also referred to as 'reported speech') refers to a sentence reporting what someone has said. It is almost always used in spoken English. NAOBI 2010

6. English has 3 ways of conveying what someone said: • Dramatic rendition: “I can’t pay the rent; you must pay the rent”. Almost never used. • Direct address: The teacher asked Ann, “Where is your homework,” to which Ann replied, “I must have left it on the bus.” • Indirect/reported speech: The teacher asked Ann where her homework was. NAOBI 2010

7. Defining Direct Address in ASL Direct address in ASL occurs during a constructed dialogue* when a signer assumes the role of one or more people, delivering a message from the first person perspective. Characters are distinguished through pausing and role shift. *This includes monologues, dialogues, trialogsue, etc. NAOBI 2010

8. Interpreting from English to ASL • Reported speech will almost always be interpreted as direct address in ASL • ASL does have reported speech, but usually for very short segments of discourse • For longer discourse, direct address is needed. NAOBI 2010

9. Direct Address in English Practice • Mom said, “Hey, Ken, take out the trash.” • The child wailed, “I don’t want a shot!” • The waiter said, “Our special tonight is grilled trout.” • The actress complained, “It’s too stinkin’ hot in this theatre!” • The lawyer informed us, “Your uncle has left you everything.” NAOBI 2010

10. Reported speech to ASL practice • Kevin said his father always wanted to publish a novel. • Pam said that when they first got married her husband would open doors for her and call her everyday at work. • I told my husband that it was raining too hard to play golf, that he’d get sick. He said he didn’t care and went anyway. NAOBI 2010

11. More practice • A woman, sounding desperate, pleaded that she couldn’t wake her husband. • She explained to investigators that she had told her husband just a few days before that she was moving out. She said he had gotten angry, then drunk, and that very day had taken some of her old prescription drugs to help him sleep. NAOBI 2010

12. Yet more practice • Kim told her brother that the man had come into the bank and taken $12,900 from her cash drawer before fleeing. • Erin Miller reported that even though her son was in a safety seat at the time of the crash, he suffered a skull fracture from a loose cell phone in the car. NAOBI 2010

13. And more • On May 28, 1973, Jacobson received a telephone call from an old Kennedy friend, Chuck Spalding, saying it was extremely important that he see him. • Jackie asked what I would say if the White House came up during the medical board hearings. I assured her there was no reason for concern. NAOBI 2010

14. Almost finished… • Spalding told Mrs. Kennedy that his costs, including lawyers’ fees, had reached almost $50,000, and he was broke. She told him he had nothing to worry about, but no money ever came. • My parents explained that their time alone wasn’t about us kids; it was about putting their marriage first. A good marriage, they said, made for happy parents and therefore a stronger family. They said that we were lucky and that some day would understand. NAOBI 2010

15. Not quite there yet • Sadeq said he studied international relations for two years in France, but he is quick to admit that his credentials are thin. • During the four nights of questioning, the Arab captives steadfastly refused to say where Bin Laden was at the time. NAOBI 2010

16. Pah! • The president routinely asks the FBI director the status of the important al Qaeda investigations and wants to ensure they are getting top priority • Appearing gaunt, Bin Laden talked of his own demise, called on others to carry on the battle against the US, and suggested strongly that he had advance knowledge of the September 11 attacks. NAOBI 2010

17. Taking on the Role of Non-Human Entities • The bank requires a minimum deposit of $300 to open an account. • The brain craves stimuli or its functioning will decay. • A poppy seed can remain alive underground for up to three years. • The iceberg awaited the approach of the Titanic. NAOBI 2010

18. When interpreting direct address from ASL to English, there are two options: • Using direct quotes (and introducing each speaker) • Using reported speech (and introducing each speaker) NAOBI 2010

19. Which form to use? • Emotionally laden content • Expletives and name calling • Genderless third-person pronouns NAOBI 2010

20. The tense issue in reported speech • If the communication occurred in the past, all verbs must be spoken in the past tense. • Relative time words must remain relative: YESTERDAY becomes “the day before” TOMORROW becomes “the next day” NAOBI 2010

21. More tense LAST-WEEK becomes “the week before” NEXT-WEEK becomes “the next/following week” LAST MONTH becomes “the month before” NEXT MONTH becomes “the next/following month” LAST-YEAR becomes “the previous year” NEXT-YEAR becomes “the next year” NAOBI 2010