1 / 30

Diabetes

Diabetes. By: Camille Pollio Bianca DeFranco Joann Samosiuk. What is Diabetes?. a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood glucose levels that result from defects in the body's ability to produce and/or use insulin May be: -Hyperglycemic -Hypoglycemic . Types of Diabetes.

marlo
Download Presentation

Diabetes

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Diabetes By: Camille Pollio Bianca DeFranco Joann Samosiuk

  2. What is Diabetes? • a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood glucose levels that result from defects in the body's ability to produce and/or use insulin • May be: -Hyperglycemic -Hypoglycemic

  3. Types of Diabetes • Type I – the body does not produce insulin • Type II – the body produces insulin but does not use it properly • Gestational – develops during pregnancy - no longer present after pregnancy - risk of developing type II diabetes in the future

  4. Symptoms of Diabetes • Polyuria • Polydipsia • Polyphagia • Fatigue • Blurry vision • Slow healing bruises

  5. Diagnosis • Fasting Plasma Glucose Test • Oral Glucose Tolerance Test • Random Plasma Glucose Test

  6. Type I Diabetes • Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells • Pancreas produces little or no insulin • Genetic and early onset • Insulin replacement is needed and is the only effective drug

  7. Insulin • Only effective drug used for Type I Diabetes • Administered subcutaneously as needed throughout the day • Given to: • All patients with Type I Diabetes • Some patients with Type II Diabetes • Some pregnant women

  8. Treatment • Short/rapid acting insulins (15-20 minutes) • Regular insulin used to cover meals • Humalog • Intermediate acting insulins • Neutral ProtamineHagedom (NPH) • Humulin • Long acting insulins • Lantus

  9. Type II Diabetes • Insulin is produced, but is not used properly • Cells become resistant to insulin • Later onset (over 35 years) • Strong genetic component

  10. Oral Type II Diabetes Medications Classes of Drugs: • Sulfonylureas • Meglitinides • Biguanides • Thiazolidinediones • Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors • Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV inhibitors

  11. Sulfonylureas • MOA: Stimulate the pancreas to release more insulin, both right after a meal and then over several hours. • Generally taken with a meal 1-2 times per day. • Diabinese (chlorpropamide) • Diabeta, Micronase (glyburide) • Glucotrol (glipizide) • Amaryl (glimrpiride)

  12. Adverse Effects of Sulfonylureas • Low blood glucose • Occasional skin rash • Photosensitivity • Upset stomach • Irritability

  13. Meglitinides • MOA: Stimulate the pancreas to release more insulin right after a meal. • Prandin (repaglinide) • Starlix (nateglinide)

  14. Adverse Effects of Meglitinides • Effects diminish quickly: • Low blood glucose (less likely than sulfonylureas) • Occasionally can interact with alcohol and cause: -vomiting -flushing -sickness

  15. Biguanides • MOA: Decreasing the amount of glucose released from liver. • Does not affect output of insulin. • Usually taken 1-2 times per day with breakfast and an evening meal. • Glucophage (metformin)

  16. Adverse Effects of Biguanides • Take with food to minimize the following symptoms: • Diarrhea • Nausea/vomiting • Flatulence (gas) • Bloating

  17. Thiazolidinediones • MOA: Make the body more sensitive to the effects of insulin. • Usually taken at the same time once a day. • Avandia (rosiglitazone) • ACTOS (pioglitazone)

  18. Adverse Effects of Thiazolidinediones • Fluid retention • Swelling • Weight gain • Increased risk for congestive heart failure

  19. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors • MOA: Slows the absorption of carbohydrate into your bloodstream after eating. • Take with the first bite of a meal (do not take if not eating) • Precose (acarbose) • Glyset (meglitol)

  20. Adverse Effects of Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors • Gas • Diarrhea • Upset stomach • Abdominal pain

  21. DipeptidylPeptidase IV inhibitors • Improve insulin level after a meal and lowers the amount of glucose made by your body. • Take at the same time once a day. • Neutral/Positive effect on cholesterol levels • Januvia (sitagliptin) • Onglyza (saxagliptin) • Tradjenta (linagliptin) • Nesina (alogliptin)

  22. Methods of Delivery • Injection • Inhalants • Oral • Pumps

  23. Complications • Coronary Artery Disease • Neuropathy • Retinopathy • Nephropathy • Angina • Myocardial Infarction • Periodontal Disease • Xerostomia • Caries • Pain/burning of tongue • Increased risk of infection • Candida infection

  24. Overall Drug Interactions • Aspirin / NSAIDs • Alcohol • Epinephrine

  25. Dental Hygiene Considerations • Maintain optimal oral health care • Connection between diabetes and periodontal disease • Ask patients about medications and diet and family • Avoid administering Aspirin and NSAIDs • Reinforce home blood sugar monitoring • Ask patient to bring their blood glucose monitoring system to obtain a blood glucose value prior to treatment (70-200mg/dL)

  26. Which type of Diabetes develops during pregnancy?

  27. What is a drug interaction of oral Diabetes medications?

  28. True or False: Type I Diabetes is when the body does not produce enough insulin?

  29. Name two symptoms of Diabetes.

  30. Resources • http://www.diabetes.org/ • http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/diabetes • https://www.joslin.org/info/oral_diabetes_medications_summary_chart.html

More Related