NACP Synthesis Project: Spatial and Temporal Distributions of Sources for

1. NACP Synthesis Project: Spatial and Temporal Distributions of Sources for non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases (CH4, CO, N2O) over North America Bottom-up Inventories Patrick Crill Boulder, CO 22 October 2008

2. Harvey Augenbraun, Elaine Matthews, and David Sarma

3. Consilience and Caricature

4. A Season of CO2 and CH4 Fluxes across a Wetland Trophic Gradient in the BOREAS NSA Fen site, Thompson, Manitoba, Canada Rich fen CO2 Flux CH4 Flux Poor fen Bog Intermediate fen Patrick Crill1 and Jill Bubier2 1Complex Systems Research Center, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA 03824 2Environmental Studies Program, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA, USA 01075

10. DOY 1 32 60 91 121 152 182 213 244 274 305 335 1 30 25 20 -1 h -2 15 flux, mg m 10 4 CH 5 0 -5 01/01/2006 01/02/2006 01/03/2006 01/04/2006 01/05/2006 01/06/2006 01/07/2006 01/08/2006 01/09/2006 01/10/2006 01/11/2006 01/12/2006 01/01/2007 EC data from Marcin Jackowicz-Korczyński

11. Stordalen Mire 68º22’ N, 19º03’ E

12. From Bäckstrand et al., JGR-B,2008

13. Vegetation change Stordalen 1970-2000 From T Johansson,2002

14. Vegetation change Stordalen 1970-2000 From T Johansson,2002

15. Methane emission change Stordalen 1972-2000 From T Johansson,2002

20. Images showing the Aerodyne, UNH and Washington State mobile instrumented vans parked at the stationary sampling location in Cambridge, MA, on May 27-29, 1999. The second image depicts some of the instrumentation housed in the Aerodyne van. This same instrument package was used during both the mobile and stationary sampling campaigns.

21. Concentration of fine particles along the street pathway sampled by the Aerodyne instrumented van in metropolitan Boston area on May 23, 1999. Shown are the concentrations of total fine particles (unheated) and non-volatile fine particles (heated). Note that these two measurements alternated in 2 minute intervals. Thus, there are non-measurement time periods (lightest blue color) in-between the actual measurements. These GPS-GIS based maps were generated by the Ferreira group at MIT.

22. Unpublished Data from Aerodyne Corp. and UNH

23. Unpublished Data from Aerodyne Corp. and UNH

25. [mmk1]Removed the final digit for consistency in significant figures.

27. A Generalized Case Study Scheme Inventory -magnitude -temporal dynamics larger Modelling Efforts Integration Extrapolation Interpolation Mapping -source identification -location Spatial/Temporal Scale Flux Measurement -direct measurements -aerodynamic/meteorological -tracers smaller

28. Ed Dlugokencky, 2008

30. NACP Synthesis Project: "Spatial and Temporal Distributions of Sources for non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases (CH4, CO, N2O) over North America" • 1. Quantification and assembly of the emissions databases • Role of local to regional scale measurements • Extrapolation and consilience with ancillary information • 2. Refinement of emissions factors • 3. Uncertainties definitions and quantifications – how well can we resolve emissions • 4. Definition of temporal dynamics • 5. Consilience of functions and controls • 6. Caricature of the emissions – decisions about the utility of the cloud of nuance

31. 1. Develop in situ sensors and sampling protocols. • 1.1. calibration standards (for CH4) • 1.2. sampling/measurement protocols • 1.3. Identify differences needed in CH4 sampling protocols compared to CO2, • N2O, CO, F-gases and aerosols • 2. Perform model studies of measurement strategy design and model-data fusion. • 2.1. Perform model-data fusion exercises to design measurement strategies. • accuracy needed and detectable • additional species to be measured • 2.2. Improve process modeling of (CH4)emissions • modeling and field measurement activities at scales that capture locally • unresolved flux variations in space and time. • improve process-based model capabilities to predict sensitivities • (particularly nonlinearities)

32. 3. Optimize national inventories for accounting. • 3.1. Continually evaluate and update national (e.g. wetlands) inventories • (Canada, US, Mexico). • 3.2. Develop a current estimate North American surface (CH4) flux maps (e.g., • 0.5° grid or higher resolution, monthly at least) by emission sector. • Quantify or estimate the uncertainty in the magnitude, location, and • seasonality of the (CH4)sources. • 4. Strengthen current observational networks. • 4.1. Identify and support continuous (CH4) concentration and/or • comprehensiv flux measurement programs, maintaining long-term datasets. • 4.2. Establish continuous, high-frequency atmospheric (CH4)concentration • measurement sites dependent upon source uncertainties and required data. • 4.3. Particular attention to continuous (CH4) flux and ancillary measurements • Flux mapping, network design studies, and analysis and modeling of extant • data should guide deployment of future measurements. • 4.4. Characterize the chemical meteorology. Ensure that additional species • (e.g., CO, HCFCs) and isotopes (13C, 14C, D) are measured to better • characterize CH4source regions • 4.5. Evaluate the adequacy of the existing measurement networks, • E.g. of floodplain wells, wetland water table monitoring, and stream gages • (geographic distribution, sampling frequencies).

33. 5. Improve databases of fossil fuel use, land cover, and industrial emissions • dynamics. • 5.1. Evaluate the energy sector data for (CH4) emission analysis. • 5.2. More subtle economic analyses of emissions • 6. Develop remote sensing technology. • 6.1. Support analysis of satellite products for usefulness to NACP-NCGHGs. • 6.2. Radar data would be particularly useful for wetland distribution, inundation, • and hydrologic studies. • 6.3. Identify other potentially useful sensors for urban sources.