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Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration. Respiration: An Overview. The process by which cells break down food sources such as glucose, fats, and protein and release their stored energy. Two main types Anaerobic – no oxygen required Aerobic – requiring oxygen

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Cellular Respiration

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  1. Cellular Respiration

  2. Respiration: An Overview • The process by which cells break down food sources such as glucose, fats, and protein and release their stored energy. • Two main types • Anaerobic – no oxygen required • Aerobic – requiring oxygen • Both forms produce energy storage molecules called ATP – adenosine triphosphate. http://www.chemistry.wustl.edu/~courses/genchem/LabTutorials/Cytochromes/images/flowchart1.jpg

  3. Anaerobic Processes • No oxygen is required for these processes. • Includes glycolysis, the breakdown of glucose, and fermentation. • Some bacteria and yeast are examples of anaerobes. http://www.biol.vt.edu/research/images/C._perfringens_in_mac._jpg.jpg http://www.utoronto.ca/greenblattlab/images/a/yeast%201.jpg

  4. Glycolysis • Occurs in the cytoplasm. • Breaks down glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate (3-carbon structures) • 2 ATP molecules are formed. • 2NADH energy shuttles are also formed. • This pyruvate is further metabolized during fermentation http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/enyld1.gif

  5. Fermentation • Pyruvate can be metabolized by: • Alcoholic fermentation • Lactic acid fermentation • AF produces ethyl alcohol and CO2 – yeast can ferment apple juice to fill a balloon. • LAF produces lactic acid. It can build up in muscles during strenuous exercise and cause burning and soreness.

  6. Aerobic Processes • Requires oxygen. • Most organisms are aerobes. • Equation for Aerobic respiration: C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy • Based on this equation – Why do we breathe? http://www.oum.ox.ac.uk/thezone/animals/life/images/excrete.gif

  7. The Mitochondria • If O2 is present following glycolysis, pyruvate is modified and enters the mitochondria. • Here food is broken down completely into CO2. • Energy storage molecules like NADH and ATP are produced. This is why the mitochondria is called the power house of the cell.

  8. Energy from electrons ATP ATP ATP O2 The Role of Oxygen • Energy carriers like NADH drop off electrons and as they “fall” to oxygen during metabolism energy is stored in a payload of ATP. • Oxygen picks up electrons and hydrogen ions to form water. H2O

  9. ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate • ATP is the cells energy currency. • Cellular work such as metabolism, transport, and movement is powered by the breakdown of ATP. ATP Structure • Ribose – a 5-carbon sugar • Adenine – a N-base • 3 phosphate groups

  10. ATP / ADP Cycle • ATP is constantly being used and remade in the cell. • Energy is released or stored by breaking or making a phosphate bond. http://www.columbia.edu/cu/biology/courses/c2005/purves6/figure06-09.jpg

  11. Summary of Cellular Respiration

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