Cellular Respiration

1. Cellular Respiration • Chapter 9

2. Respiratory System • In which two openings does air enter the respiratory system? • Nose and mouth • What is another name for the trachea? Where is it? • Windpipe and located below epiglottis

3. Respiratory System • The trachea branches into what two pipes as it enters the lungs? • Bronchi • What are the grapelike clusters at the end of the small tubes in the lungs? • alveoli

4. WHAT IS AT EACH AREA?

6. What electron carriers are at “D” and at “E”?

7. “D” = NADH “E” = FADH2 + NADH

8. What waste gas leaves at “H”?

9. Carbon Dioxide

10. What processes are at A, B, C?

11. A (glycolysis) B (Krebs cycle) C (ETC and chemiosmosis)

12. What is at “A” and “C”?

13. “A” = ETC “C” = ATP Synthase

14. Which electron carriers are in the form WITH the electrons? • FAD+ NAD+ FADH2 NADH • FADH2 NADH

15. NAD+ comes from: • Niacin • Vitamin C • Cholesterol • Vitamin E • ANSWER: niacin

16. What is redox? • HINT AND WHAT IT REPRESENTS • Leo goes Ger • Loss of electrons = oxidation • Gain of Electrons = reduction

17. Which is it? • C6H12O6 converting to H2O is being: • A. Oxidized • B. Reduced • ANSWER: Oxidized

18. Which is it? • NAD+ converting to NADH is being: • A. Oxidized • B. Reduced • ANSWER: Reduced

19. What process means without oxygen? • A. aerobic • B. anaerobic • ANSWER: anaerobic

20. What does this enzyme do? • DEHYDROGENASE? • ANSWER: Removes hydrogen

21. Which Generates the Most ATP • G. Glycolysis • K. Krebs cycle • E. ETC/Chemiosmosis • ANSWER:E

22. Begins the oxidation of glucose • G. Glycolysis • K. Krebs cycle • E. ETC/Chemiosmosis • ANSWER: G

23. Occurs outside the mitochondrion • G. Glycolysis • K. Krebs cycle • E. ETC/Chemiosmosis • ANSWER: G

24. Produces 4 ATP/glucose by substrate-level phosphorylation (in the cytoplasm), but 2 ATP’s to get it started • G. Glycolysis • K. Krebs cycle • E. ETC/Chemiosmosis • ANSWER: G

25. Oxidizes NADH and FADH2 to NAD+ and FAD • G. Glycolysis • K. Krebs cycle • E. ETC/Chemiosmosis • ANSWER: E

26. Carried out by enzymes in the matrix • G. Glycolysis • K. Krebs cycle • E. ETC/Chemiosmosis • ANSWER: K

27. Here e- and H+ combine with O2 to form H2O • G. Glycolysis • K. Krebs cycle • E. ETC/Chemiosmosis • ANSWER: E

28. Occurs along inner mitochondrial membrane • G. Glycolysis • K. Krebs cycle • E. ETC/Chemiosmosis • ANSWER: E

29. Generates most of the CO2 produced by cellular respiration • G. Glycolysis • K. Krebs cycle • E. ETC/Chemiosmosis • ANSWER: K

30. FADH2 and NADH deliver H+ and e- to this stage • G. Glycolysis • K. Krebs cycle • E. ETC/Chemiosmosis • ANSWER: E

31. ATP synthase makes ATP • G. Glycolysis • K. Krebs cycle • E. ETC/Chemiosmosis • ANSWER: E

32. Reduces NAD+ and FAD, producing NADH and FADH2 • G. Glycolysis • K. Krebs cycle • E. ETC/Chemiosmosis • ANSWER: K

33. What anaerobes can make ATP by fermentation OR aerobic respiration? • In other words, with or without oxygen? • Facultative anaerobes? • Strict anaerobes? • ANSWER: Facultative anaerobes

34. What is an organism that normally uses aerobic respiration to produce ATP, but it can generate ATP without oxygen, via alcoholic fermentation? • HINTS: yeast, animals, plants? • ANSWER: yeast

35. Fermentors replenish their NAD+ by using NADH to oxidize what acid? • Citric • Pyruvic • Hydrochloric • ANSWER: pyruvic (during fermentation)

36. When oxygen is scare, what part of humans can make ATP by lactic acid fermentation? • HINTS: • Liver, muscles, bacteria, or heart? • ANSWER: muscles

37. Fermentation allows cells to make ATP in the absence of: • Hydrogen • Nitrogen • Electrons • Oxygen • ANSWER: oxygen

38. For each molecule of glucose consumed, 2 molecules of pyruvic acid, 2 ATP, and 2 what form? • NADH • FADH2 • sucrose • ANSWER:NADH

39. What are the waste products of alcoholic fermentation besides CO2? • oxygen • Ethanol • Isopropyl alcohol • ANSWER: ethanol

40. What kind of fermentation is used to make cheese and yogurt? • alcoholic • Lactic acid • ANSWER: lactic acid • (like lactobacillus)

41. Fermentation makes how many ATP per molecule of glucose? • 2 • 4 • 34 • ANSWER: 2

42. A cell can use what process to make a small amount of ATP (2), but it must somehow recycle its NAD+ supply? • Glycolysis • Krebs cycle • ETC/chemiosmosis • fermentation • ANSWER: fermentation

43. Like anaerobic fermentation, alcoholic fermentation produces what gas as a waste product? • Carbon dioxide • Oxygen • Nitrogen • ANSWER: carbon dioxide

44. What kind of organisms require anaerobic conditions only? • Facultative anaerobes? • Strict anaerobes? • ANSWER:strict anaerobes

45. What is the formula for cellular respiration? • C6H12O6 + 6 O2 • 6 CO2 + 6 H2O • + ATP

46. What is the formula for cellular respiration? • C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP

47. When one molecule of glucose breaks down in cellular respiration, what percent ends up as ATP molecules? • 100% • 75% • 40% • 10% • ANSWER: 40 %

48. What is another name for the Krebs cycle? • A. citric acid cycle • B. Calvin cycle • C. carbon dioxide cycle • D. glucose cycle • ANSWER: citric acid cycle

49. What process means “sugar breaking” • A. Krebs cycle • B. fermentation • C. glycolysis • D. ETC • ANSWER: glycolysis

50. Where does NAD+ come from? • A. vitamin C • B. vitamin E • C. vitamin A • D. vitamin B (niacin) • ANSWER: niacin