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Chapter 0

Chapter 0. Brief History of Computing. Charles Babbage & Ada Byron. early 19th century influenced by Jacquard loom – a 1805 invention that used punch cards to vary weave style designed difference engine and analytical engine

marshall-giles
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Chapter 0

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  1. Chapter 0 Brief History of Computing

  2. Charles Babbage & Ada Byron • early 19th century • influenced by Jacquard loom – a 1805 invention that used punch cards to vary weave style • designed difference engine and analytical engine • his engine was capable of calculating successive terms of the sequence n2 + n + 41 at the rate of about 60 every 5 minutes

  3. Ada Byron • Ada Byron developed coding scheme-she showed how to compute Bernoulli numbers. For this reason she has earned the reputation for being the first computer programmer • created stored program computer • the Analytical Engine weaves algebraic patterns, just as the Jacquard-loom weaves flowers and leaves – Ada Byron

  4. Herman Hollerith • US Census Bureau, 1890 • developed tabulating machinery • began the Tabulating Machine Company

  5. IBM • In 1912 this company became IBM

  6. Early 20th Century • typewriters and other office equipment • electric calculating machines & typewriters

  7. World War II Era • Harvard Mark I, 1944 • ABC Computer, 1941 • ENIAC, 1945, 18000 tubes

  8. Age of Commercial Computing

  9. First Generation, 1951-58 • Univac I, 1951- U.S. Steel, Westinghouse Electric, Alcoa, and Pittsburgh Plate Glass. • Univac were used for accounting, statistical, and engineering tasks • Other early computer companies included GE, Westinghouse, Xerox, as well as IBM, Burroughs

  10. Size Constrants • early machines were vacuum tube based • hot, unreliable, expensive • SAGE, 1958, 113 tons, 58000 tubes !

  11. Second Generation, 1959-1965 • transistor based • smaller, cooler, more reliable, cheaper • operating systems manage multiprogramming, • time sharing and interrupt techniques developed

  12. Third Generation, 1966-74 • Integrated circuit based, “chips” • much smaller, cheaper, cooler, more reliable • minicomputer developed, first system under $1, 000, 000

  13. Fourth Generation, 1974 - present • Large Scale Integration, VLSI • hundreds of thousands of circuit elements on one chip • microprocessor developed, about 1974 • lead to development of microcomputer (PC) • age of end-user computing develops • Multitasking pc operating systems • Multiprocessor systems developed

  14. Fifth Generation, now -> • super computers, massively parallel processors • natural language recognition • biological components - • Digital Convergence – Many Technologies coming together • communications technologies advance

  15. SYSTEM SOFTWARE • Consists of the programs that control the operations of the computer and its devices • Directed at improving or enhancing the use of the computer itself, in contrast to application software Click to view animation

  16. The Role of the Operating System • System software - programs that control the operations of the computer and its devices • Started when you start the computer • Allows you to communicate with the computer and other software • Portions remain in memory until the computer is turned off • Allows you to run applications software

  17. OPERATING SYSTEMS • User interfaces • Command-line interface • Command language • Graphical user interface (GUI) • Menus • Icons • User-friendly • Browser-like features

  18. OPERATING SYSTEMS • Features of Operating Systems • Single user (single tasking) • Multitasking • Foreground application • Background applications • Multiprocessing • Fault-tolerant

  19. OPERATING SYSTEMS • Functions of an Operating System • Memory management - optimize use of random access memory (RAM) • Buffer • Virtual memory (VM) • Pages and paging • Thrashing

  20. OPERATING SYSTEMS • Functions of an Operating System • Spooling print jobs • Jobs placed in a buffer before sent to a printer

  21. OPERATING SYSTEMS • Functions of an Operating System • Configuring devices • Device drivers • When you add a new device, a driver also must be present • Plug and Play • Interrupt request (IRQ) Click to see Figure 8-9

  22. OPERATING SYSTEMS • Functions of an Operating System • Administering security • Logging on • User ID • Password Click to see Figure 8-11

  23. OPERATING SYSTEMS • Functions of an Operating System • Managing storage media and files • File manager program • Formatting and copying disks • Displaying lists of files • Checking the amount of used and free space • Copying, renaming, deleting, moving, and sorting files Click to see Figure 8-12

  24. POPULAR OPERATING SYSTEMS • Technical issues • Device dependent vs. device independent • Proprietary software • Downward vs. upward compatibility

  25. POPULAR OPERATING SYSTEMS • DOS • Several versions • Command-line and menu-driven

  26. POPULAR OPERATING SYSTEMS • Windows 3.x • Operating environment • Graphical user interface • First widely used version of Windows

  27. POPULAR OPERATING SYSTEMS • Windows 95 • True multitasking operating system • Improved graphical interface • Supports networking, Plug and Play technology, longer file names, and e-mail • Windows 98, NT, 2000, ME • Windows XP

  28. POPULAR OPERATING SYSTEMS • Windows CE • Designed for use on wireless communications devices and smaller computers • Graphical user interface • Auto PC • Voice commands Click to see Figure 8-15

  29. POPULAR OPERATING SYSTEMS • Palm OS • Runs on many devices • Mobile computing • PIM software

  30. POPULAR OPERATING SYSTEMS • Mac OS • Released in 1984 with the Macintosh • Can open, edit, and save files created in Windows and DOS • Current version 10.3, Jaguar Click to view video

  31. POPULAR OPERATING SYSTEMS • OS/2 • From IBM • Graphical user interface • Multitasking • Never developed the market IBM hoped for Click to see Figure 8-17

  32. POPULAR OPERATING SYSTEMS • UNIX • Multi-user and multitasking • Many versions available • Command-line interface

  33. POPULAR OPERATING SYSTEMS • Linux • Free • Open-source software • Gaining in popularity Click to see Figure 8-18

  34. POPULAR OPERATING SYSTEMS • NetWare • Once widely used network operating system • Server portion resides on network server • Client portion resides on each client computer

  35. STARTING A COMPUTER • Booting • Cold boot • Warm boot (warm start) • Boot information is displayed Click to see Figure 8-19

  36. STARTING A COMPUTER • Boot steps • Power supply sends a signal • CPU resets and finds BIOS • BIOS performs power-on self test (POST) • POST results compared to CMOS • BIOS finds boot program • BOOT program loaded and run • Operating system loads and finds hardware Click to see Figure 8-20

  37. STARTING A COMPUTER • Boot disk • Used if hard disk will not boot • Contains small set of operating system commands • Can be created by a user Click to see Figure 8-21

  38. UTILITY PROGRAMS • A type of system software that performs a specific task, usually related to managing a computer, its devices, or it programs • Built into operating system • Stand-alone Click to see Figure 8-22

  39. UTILITY PROGRAMS • File viewer • File compression utility • Diagnostic utility • Disk scanner • Disk defragmenter • Uninstaller • Backup utility • Antivirus • Screen saver Click to see Figure 8-30

  40. HARDWARE OVERVIEWThe Components in the System Unit

  41. THE SYSTEM UNIT • System unit • Box-like case that houses the electronic components of the computer that are used to process data

  42. THE SYSTEM UNIT • System unit • Common components • Processor • Memory module • Expansion cards • Ports • Connectors

  43. THE SYSTEM UNIT • The Motherboard • Contains many of the electronic components • Chips • A small piece of semiconducting material on which one or more integrated circuits are etched

  44. CPU AND MICROPROCESSOR • CPU (processor) • Interprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate a computer • Mainframes will split CPU functions between chips and circuit boards • PC uses CPU called a Microprocessor – all CPU functions are put in one chip • Pentium processors

  45. CPU AND MICROPROCESSORComponents • The Control Unit • A component of the CPU that directs and coordinates most of the operations in the computer • Fetch - get the next instruction from memory • Decode - translate the instruction • Execute - carry out the command • Store - write the result to memory • Speed is measured in MIPS (million instructions per second)

  46. CPU AND MICROPROCESSORComponents • The Arithmetic/Logic Unit • Performs the execution part of the machine cycle • Arithmetic (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division) • Comparison (greater than, equal to, less than) • Logical (AND, OR, NOT)

  47. CPU AND MICROPROCESSORComponents • Pipelining • The CPU begins execution of a second instruction before the first instruction is completed • Faster processing – newer PC’s can “pipeline” up to 4 instructions

  48. CPU AND MICROPROCESSORComponents • Registers • Temporary storage locations used by the CPU • Many types • Storing location of where instruction was fetched • Storing an instruction while it is being decoded • Storing data while the ALU processes it • Storing the results of a calculation

  49. CPU AND MICROPROCESSORComponents • The System Clock • Synchronizes all computer operations • Each tick (electronic pulse) is called a clock cycle • Faster clock means more instructions the CPU can execute each second • Speed measured in megahertz (MHz) or (GHz) • One million ticks of the system clock or MHz,and one billion for GHz

  50. CPU AND MICROPROCESSOR • Microprocessor Comparison • Intel Pentium series • Intel Celeron • AMD (Intel-compatible) processors • Motorola PowerPC • Alpha series

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