Water Reforms In Zimbabwe

1. Water Reforms In Zimbabwe Activities leading to the reforms

2. Activities leading to the Water Reforms • The Halcrow Report 1993/4 • White Paper to Cabinet 1994 • the WRMs 1996-2001 • the GTZ initiatives- Mazoe pilot project 1996 • the Dutch initiatives -Mupfure pilot project 1998 • The Water Act 1998 • The ZINWA Act 1998 • Groundwater Guidelines & regulations 2000 • Water Pollution Control Guidelines & regulation 2000 • Water allocation Guidelines and regulations 2000 • Catchment and Sub-catchment Councils regulations2000

3. The Halcrow Report 1993 Guidelines for the Development of a Water Resources Management Strategy

4. The need for a WRMS • Reinforced by the occurrence of the drought of 91/92 • Attribute of of the WRMS • Sound basis for • Equitable &sustanable allocation of water • Cpmprehensive Water resources planning and management • Pricing and subsidy structure • Guidelines for dev. And action plans • Investiment scheduling • Clear assignment of responsibilities • Improved horizontal and vertical communication • Well defined objectives for capacity building

5. Form of strategy • Strategy was to define methods for water resources management in a sustainable manner consistent with national policies • Strategy was to be developed by the gvt agencies with stakeholder participation • Sttrategy was to provide framework for drawing up compatible and inegrated action plans

6. Essential components of the strategy • Planning and management requirements • Quantification of the water resource • Understanding relation between people, water and land • Quantification of current and forecast demand • Basis for equitable allocation nationally and internationally • Sound methodmethods for investiment priorities

7. Essential components • Guidelines for • Resource management • Demand managemend and efficient use of water • Maintenance of appropriate water quality standards • Planned response to water scarcity

8. Essential components • Establishment of an enabling environment • Definition of institutional forms and responsiblities • The identification of necessary capacity building • Identification of requirements for legislation • The establishment of steering groups, committee and subcommittees • Strengthening of the planning branch • Hydrology • planning

9. Key activities • Coordination and management of dev. and implem. Of WRMS • Exploration of key issues, policy options and establish policy • Devise and implement natonal gguidelines,resource assessment methods and framework for water resource allocation and management • Strengthen technical and management capacity of participating organisation • Implement institutional and legal activities required to enable the above

10. White Paper to Cabinet 1994 Adoption of IWRM principles • Holistic approach (integration) • management at catchment level • Environmental sustainability • Cost recovery • Demand management • Stakeholder participation • Gender consideration

11. WRMS 1996 - 2001 • In 1995 the water resources management project document was developed with the support of 4 donors • The project document proposed • The institutional setup for development and management of the strategy • Institutional strengthening • The capacity building elements of the project • The external technical support that was required • And the costing of the project • In 1996 the WRMS project was adopted and the staffing and equipment were gradually brought into the project

12. The institutional setup • The Ministry of Lands and Water Resources was the lead government agency • A steering committee comprising of major stakeholders that deal with water was overseeing the development of the strategy • A technical secretariat did the day to day activities of the WRMS formulation, comprised of • Coordinator • WRM strategist • Economist • Enviromentalist • Publicity officer • Project secretary • Driver/ messanger

13. Strengthening of technical capacity • This was targeted at the water resources planning aspects i.e. • The hydrology • Water resources assesment • Surface water • Groundwater • Water quality • Geographic information syatems • The water planning • Land use planning • Water resources planning • Economic planning

14. Strengthening of technical capacity • The following professional were recuited • External based in the Groundwater branch • Hydrologist • Systems analyst • External based in the groundwater branch • Hydrogeologist • Internal based in the planning branch • Catchment planner • Development economist • Internal based in agritex • Landuse planner

15. The capacity building • This was in the form of • Training • A broad range of proffessionals were to be trained in MSc degrees • Others were to be trained under short course • Others were to have visiting tours • Provision of equipment • Computers • Software • Vehicles • Hydro & lab equipment

16. The repeal of the Water Act & the Regional Water Authority Act in 1998 • In 1998 the new water Act and the ZINWA Act were passed by parliament and accented by the president • In 2000 the Water Act and ZINWA Act were operationalised thus the reforms entered the implementation phase

17. Aims • improve equity in access to water • improve the management of the resource • strengthen environmental protection • to improve the administration of the Act

18. Principles governing • ownership of both surface and ground water is vested in the state, hence authority is needed except for primary use • involvement of stakeholders in decision-making and management of the resource • water should be managed on catchment boundaries not provincial o0r district boundaries • development of the resource should be environmentally friendly

19. Principles governing • Principles governing • pricing of the resource should based on the user pays and polluter pays principle • water should be recognized both as an economic good and a social good • Water as an economic good would achieve • water use efficiency • equity of use • encourage conservation • encourage protection

20. Changes to the water Act of 1976 • Changes to the Act • cease granting water rights in perpetuity but water permits for 20 years • cease the use of priority date system • eliminate theory of private water (underground) • end the differentiation of flood flow, normal flow and storm flow • Minister to declare water shortage not president • Secretary of water to delegate some administration to ZINWA and catchment councils

21. Changes to the water Act of 1976 • Changes to the Act • Replace registrar with the catchment manager • Replace advisory councils with catchment Councils • replace river-boards with sub-catchment councils • expand the source of assessor to include farmers • prohibition orders not to suspend operation • make the environment a legitimate water user • Introduction of the polluter pays principle

22. Division of responsibilities • Administrative Court for appeal cases • Department of Water Development for policy issues and regulation • Zimbabwe National Water Authority for operational activities • Catchment Councils for water allocation and dispute resolution • Sub-Catchment Councils-day to day resources accounting

23. The ZINWA Act • The ZINWA Act amalgameted the functions of the regional water Authority and some of the Department of water • The Board of ZINWA has nine members • 4 from catchment councils • 5 from the bussimess community • 1 a gvt water engineer • and the Chief Executiver

24. Functions of ZINWA • Planning of the water resources • Development of the water resources • Dams • Boreholes • Water suplies • Management of the water resources • In dams • Water suplies • Provide secretariat to cachment councils • Monitoring the wter resources in terms of • Quality • quantity

25. Financing of the Authority • From monies collected from their operations • Sale of clean Water • Sale of raw water • From engineering services • Water fund • Pollution levies • Water levies • Water permit charges • Fund appropriated by government • Other sources eg donation

26. Functions of catchment Managers • Provide secretariate to catchment councils • Receipt of applications and registering them • Keeping a register of applictions and permits and their status • Application, Provisional, Granted, Expired, renewal • Keeping records of permit performance as submited by permit holders • Technical advisor to catchment councils on application and dispute resolution • Allocation of unopposed permits when the councils are not sitting

27. Repeal of all regulations 2000 • River boards regulation repealed • sub-catchment council regulation • catchment council regulations introduced • water allocation regulations introduced • water pollution control regulation

28. water allocation regulations • Introduces the proportinal system of water allocation • Introduces the proedures for applying for a permit • Subcatchment council • Catchment council • Introduces the application forms for • A permit • Revision of a permit • Cancellation of a permit • etc

29. water allocation regulations • Introduces the reports to accompany an application • Engineers report • Agricultural report • Mining engineer’s report • Environment report • etc • Introduces the relevant fees that have to be paid on application • Introduces the standard form of • Provisional water permit • Final water permit

30. water pollution control regulation • Mrs vhevha could you give us a brief on the regulations

31. the WRMs Document 2001challenges • Equitable access to water for all Zimbabweans • supply approach vs demand management • financing the water sector • pricing of water stakeholder involvement • environment management • land/water use planning • gender & water resources management • shared transboundary waters

32. Equitable access to water for all Zimbabweans: strategies • legal and institutional • granting permit for fixed period • removal of priority system • principals to be observe in considering allocation • establishment of catchment councils • water allocation • planning stage • no priority in allocation in uncommitted area

33. strategies • permits in management stage • sufficient water • insufficient water • priority by use • reallocation • ... Water generated • ....water in storage • fractional allocation • drought stage • declaration of shortage area • reallocation allocation

34. supply approach Vs demand management: strategies • market base • water pricing • effluent charges • technology based • reduction of unaccounted for water • recycling • recycling plant • pricing high such that recycling is an option • water demand management in Agriculture • water saving technology • irrigation potential based on water loss

35. financing the water sector: strategies • government financing • commercialization of utilities • use of the money market • external funding • private sector participation • service contracts • management contracts • lease contracts • concessions • joint ownership

36. pricing of water stakeholder involvement: strategies • average cost pricing • blend pricing • catchment pricing • site specific • targeted subsidies • levies and fees

37. environment management: strategies • instreamflow requirement • environmental impact assessment • integrated catchment management • water quality monitoring • command and control • market based approaches • environmental protection • polluter pays • best management practices • prevention approaches • control of diffusion sources • stakeholder approaches

38. Land & water use planning: strategies • Lack of integration the cause of • land degradation • water degradation • Integrated catchment management has been sited as the reason for the above

39. implementation • Catchment and subcatchment councils formed end of 1999 • Water act operational 2000 • ZINWA formed 2000 • ZINWA staffing 2001 • Irrigation department formed 2002