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Scientific Method: Case Study

Scientific Method: Case Study. Scientific Method. Field Observations vs. Controlled Experiments Field Observations ( in situ ) Natural setting Uncontrolled variables Examples? Controlled Experiment (usually ex situ ) Fewer uncontrolled variables Test one or a few variable(s) at a time

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Scientific Method: Case Study

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  1. Scientific Method: Case Study

  2. Scientific Method Field Observations vs. Controlled Experiments • Field Observations (in situ) • Natural setting • Uncontrolled variables • Examples? • Controlled Experiment (usually ex situ) • Fewer uncontrolled variables • Test one or a few variable(s) at a time • Artificial setting (especially ex situ)

  3. Scientific Method

  4. History

  5. History • Early History • Aristotle – Described forms, recognized gills • Explorers (Eriksson, Columbus, Magellan, Drake) – Learned about winds, currents, physical characteristics

  6. History • Early History • Cook (1768-1779) – Took full-time naturalist on crew • Darwin (1831-1836) – Sailed on HMS Beagle • Collected plankton • Proposed theory of coral atoll formation • Studied and described barnacles

  7. History • Oceanographic Expeditions • Began in mid 1800s • Edward Forbes (British) • Father of Biological Oceanography • Sampled sea floor life extensively • First to recognize that different organisms are found at different depths • Before Forbes’ time, many people regarded the deep ocean as azoic • Early work by Rosses showed life on deep sea floor

  8. History HMS Challenger Expedition: 1872 – 1876

  9. SCUBA (Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus) Modern Marine Biology SONAR (SOund NAvigation Ranging)

  10. Modern Marine Biology Marine Labs • Stazione Zoologica (Naples) • Founded in 1872 by German scientists • Marine Biological Lab (Plymouth, England) • Founded in 1879 • Marine Biological Laboratory (Woods Hole) • Established in 1888 • Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SD) • Opened in 1903 • Hopkins Marine Station (CA) • Friday Harbor Marine Laboratory (WA)

  11. Modern Marine Biology DSV Alvin R/V Thomas G. Thompson R/V FLIP Oceanographic Research Vessels

  12. Modern Marine Biology ROV Jason Theseus IFREMER AUV

  13. Modern Marine Biology Remote Sensing

  14. Geography

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