Scientific Method

1. Scientific Method

2. THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE 0 • Scientists use two main approaches to learn about nature • Science • Is a way of knowing • Seeks natural causes for natural phenomena • Discovery Science • Hypothesis Based Science

3. Discovery Science 0 • Scientists describe some aspect of the world and use inductive reasoning to draw general conclusions

4. 0 Hypothesis-Based Science • Scientists attempt to explain observations by testing hypotheses

5. Hypothesis-based science involves 0 • Observations, questions, hypotheses as tentative answers to questions • Deductions leading to predictions, and then tests of predictions to see if a hypothesis is falsifiable

6. Hypothesis • Questions or statements that are testable through experimentation or observation • If - then format • Preliminary explanation to problem

7. Scientific Method • Collaborate • Share info • Build upon other work

8. Scientific Method • 1. Observe • 2. Define problem or question • 3. Form a hypothesis • 4.Test hypothesis with a controlled experiment

9. Scientific Method • 5. Observe and record results • 6. Form conclusions by confirming or modifying the hypothesis • 7. Report Results

10. Observations Question Hypothesis # 2: Burnt-out bulb Hypothesis # 1: Dead batteries Prediction: Replacing bulb will fix problem Prediction: Replacing batteries will fix problem Test prediction Test prediction Test falsifies hypothesis Test does not falsify hypothesis

11. Theory • Explains current observations and predicts new observations • Supported repeatedly by data • Can be changed or discarded

12. Experiment • Tests the predictions made by a hypothesis • Double Blind • Controlled

13. Double Blind Test • One group receives the drug to be tested; One group receives the placebo • Researchers do not know which subject is receiving the actual drug • Eliminates the bias that may influence the results

14. Controlled Experiment • Experiment isolates a single factor that is directly responsible for an effect.

15. Variable • Condition in the experiment that differs

16. Independent Variable: Variable that is independent of experiment • pH, time, temperature • Dependent Variable: • What you are testing • Dependent of results of experiment

17. Control • Provides a standard of comparison for the one factor in the experiment that varies

18. 100 Artificial king snakes 84% 83% 80 Artificial brown snakes 60 Percent of total attacks on artificial snakes Figure 1.8B Figure 1.8C 40 17% 20 16% 0 Coral snakes absent Coral snakes present Figure 1.8E Figure 1.8D 0 A Case Study of Hypothesis-Based Science • In experiments designed to test hypotheses • The use of control groups and experimental groups helps to control variables

19. Concept Check 0 • Not all science discoveries strictly follow the “scientific method”. Which of the following would best be described as discovery science? • Sequencing the human genome. • Describing a new bird species from the Philippines. • A project to find preserved specimens of the probably extinct Rocky Mountain locust frozen in glaciers . • All of the above.

20. Answer 0 • Not all science discoveries strictly follow the “scientific method”. Which of the following would best be described as discovery science? • All of the above.

21. Interpreting Data 0 • These two snakes look remarkably similar to each other. The coral snake (right) is very poisonous to vertebrates.Hypotheses: • H1: The coral snake’s bright color pattern serves to warn off potential predators. • H2: The king snake suffers less predation because it mimics or looks like the coral snake. • H3: The protection that king snakes receive by mimicking coral snake will depend on the presence of coral snakes.

22. Interpreting Data 0 • A team of scientists designed an investigation that used artificial snakes to test the previous hypotheses. • Which of the previous hypotheses are supported by the results displayed at the right? • H1: The coral snake’s bright color pattern serves to warn off potential predators. • H2: The the king snake suffers less predation because it mimics or looks like the coral snake. • H3: The protection that king snakes receive by mimicking coral snake will depend on the presence of coral snakes. • Both 1 and 2

23. Answer 0 • A team of scientists designed an investigation that used artificial snakes to test the previous hypotheses. • Which of the previous hypotheses are supported by the results displayed at the right? • Both 1 and 2

24. Biologists placed artificial snake mimics in two different localities to test the hypothesis that looking like a poisonous snake only works where the poisonous snake is found: Outside of the coral snake range—only king snakes present. Inside the coral snake range—both coral and king snakes are present. Interpreting Data 0

25. Interpreting Data 0 • The data graphed at the right __________ the hypothesis that the effectiveness of mimic coloration depends upon the presence of the poisonous model is: • supports • does not support • is irrelevant to

26. Answer 0 • The data graphed at the right __________ the hypothesis that the effectiveness of mimic coloration depends upon the presence of the poisonous model is: • supports

27. Interpreting Data 0 • Based on this data which of the following is a logical hypothesis or prediction? • King snakes outside of the range of coral snakes will more closely resemble coral snakes than populations of king snake living within the range of coral . • King snakes outside of the range of coral snakes will not resemble coral snakes as closely as populations of king snakes that live within the range coral snakes. • Neither prediction is valid.

28. Answer 0 • Based on this data which of the following is a logical hypothesis or prediction? • King snakes outside of the range of coral snakes will not resemble coral snakes as closely as populations of king snakes that live within the range coral snakes.