Review for Biology Semester One Final

1. Review for Biology Semester One Final

2. Being skeptical and being open to change are parts of • homeostasis. • control groups. • scientific thought.

3. In science, ___________ are truths that are valid everywhere in the universe. • universal laws. • hypotheses. • predictions.

4. The system of moral principles and values needed for scientific investigations • is called • theories. • ethics. • observations.

5. Which is a reason to study science? • To help take better care of your health • To be a wise consumer • Both (a) and (b)

6. A wide range of observations is explained by a • theory. • question. • controlled experiment.

7. During an experiment, the group that does not change is the • organism. • control. • heredity.

8. A specific, testable prediction for a limited set of conditions is a • Theory • Universal law • Hypothesis

9. The Systemed’Internationale is the official name for the __________________ system. • The tool used to magnify organisms in a laboratory is called a ________________. • What is the biological study of plants called? __________________ • Inherited characteristics change over generations in a process called __________.

10. The sum of all chemical reactions that happen in an organism is called ___. • The branch of Biology that studies animals is called ___________________. • What is the goal of biotechnology? • How are environmental science and ecology different?

11. What is nanotechnology? • How do vaccinations work? • What is the Human Genome project? • It’s a map of the 20,000-25,000 human genes. It began in 1990, took 13 years and 13 billion USD to complete. • What is a specific use for genetics in real life?

12. Where do all the resources that people need ultimately come from? • Give an example of biomimetics. • Velcro—using living examples for technology. • Give an example of genetic engineering. • According to the periodic table, the most common isotope of fluorine has how many electrons, protons, neutrons?

13. 1. Lipids a. building blocks of proteins • 2.Nucleic acid b. repel water • 3. Polysaccharides c. a molecular chain of nucleotides • 4. Amino acids d. starch, cellulose, and glycogen • 5. RNA e. plays a key role in the manufacture of proteins

14. What are both DNA and RNA made up of? • 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group and nitrogenous bases • How is RNA different than DNA? • RNA has a single strand, ribose sugar rather than deoxyribose and uracil rather than thymine. • What is a lipid? • What is ATP?

15. What is a carbohydrate—give two examples. • Starch, sugar, cellulose, chitin, fiber • What are the building blocks of protein? • What are proteins made of? • What about amino acids? They contain an amine group, a carboxylic acid group and a side chain that varies between different—the side chains determine each amino acid’s unique properties.

16. What is a molecule that has a chain of nucleotides that contain ribose called? • RNA • Starch, cellulose and glycogen are all examples of what? • Polysaccharides • What are lipids? Are they polar or nonpolar and what does that mean? • Lipids are nonpolar fats that repel water.

17. What happens to a cell’s efficiency as the surface ratio to volume increases? Does it increase, decrease or stay the same? • Increases ie: a 1 cm x 1cm x 1cm cube has a volume of 1 cm3 and surface area of 6 cm2or 6:1 ratio where a 2cm cube has a s.a. of 24:8 or 3:1 ratio. The smaller the size, the greater the efficiency.

18. 1. cytoplasm a. outer boundary 2. eukaryote b. cell framework made of protein fibers 3. cytoskeleton c. structure outside the cell membrane that provides structure and support. 4. cell wall d. threadlike structure that extends from the cell surface and aids movement. 5. flagellume. the fluid of a cell and the structures in the fluid 6. organelle ab. organism made of a simple cell that has free- floating`geneticmaterial and few cell structures 7. prokaryote ac. internal compartment that houses a cell’s DNA 8. cell membranead. Organism made up of one or more cells that have a • nucleus and membrane-bound cell structures 9. nucleus ae. Specialized cell body inside a cell that performs a • specific function.

19. How are prokaryotic cells different than eukaryotic cells. • They don’t have organelles, nuclei, but do have a single loop of DNA and flagella for movement. • What do eukaryotic plant cells have that eukaryotic animal cells do not? • Cell walls, celluloseand plastids. • Where does the energy in a eukaryotic cell come from? • ATP

20. 1. sodium-potassium pump a. the moving of a substance from an area of • higher concentration, using energy • 2. lipid bilayerb. double layer that makes up a cell • membrane • 3. concentration gradient c. the state that exists or a substance when • when the substance is distributed evenly • across a space • 4. facilitated diffusion d. a form of passive transport that involves • membrane proteins that aid the movement • of substances • 5. active transport e. carrier protein that uses ATP as it moves • potassium and sodium ions across the • cell membrane • 6. passive transport ab. the moving of a substance to an area of • lower concentration without energy use • 7. equilibrium ac. the difference in the concentration of a • substance across a region

21. What is the function of the plasma membrane? • It regulates what goes in and out of the cell. • What is the significance of the plasma membrane being made out of phospholipids? • It makes it semi-permeable. The outside is hydrophobic and the inside is hydrophilic. • What do these properties of the cell membrane help to maintain? • Homeostasis

22. 1. chromosome a. a type of protein found in the chromosomes of eukaryotic cells • 2. chromatidb. a thick strand made up of condensed DNA • 3. chromatin c. a substance made up of DNA and protein • 4. centromered. the structure in which a cell’s DNA is packaged • 5. gene e. a structural unit made of DNA wound around a core of histone proteins. • 6. histoneab. a segment of DNA that codes for RNA and • protein • 7. nucleosomeac. the region where sister chromatids are bound together

23. 1. cytokinesisa. a microtubule network that pulls chromatidsin a dividing cell • 2. cell cycle b. the process by which the nucleus of a cell becomes two nuclei • 3. centrosomec. major portion of a cell’s life • 4. interphased. the process by which cytoplasm is divided between daughter cells • 5. mitosis e. a repeating sequence of cellular growth and division • 6. spindle ab. an organelle that helps assemble the spindle and aids chromatid movement in a dividing cell

24. Each nucleotide in a DNA molecule include what? • 5-carbon deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group and nitrogenous bases, C, G, T and A • Each nucleotide in an RNA molecule include what? • 5-carbon ribose sugar, phosphate group and nitrogenous bases, C, G, U and A

25. 1. crossing-over a. random distribution of homologous chromosomes during • Meiosis • 2. life cycle b. a cell that contains one set of chromosomes • 3. diploid c. all copies of the single parent’s genes are passed to the • offspring • 4. independent d. portions of a chromatid on one homologous chromosome • assortment break off and trade places with the corresponding portion • on one of the chromatids of the other homologous • chromosome • 5. homologous e. the process by which gametes are produced in male • chromosomes animals • 6. spermatogenesis ab. the union of sperm and egg cells to produce a diploid • zygote • 7. haploid ac. the activities in the life of an organism from one • generation to the next • 8. oogenesisad. chromosomes that are similar in shape and size • and have similar genetic information • 9. fertilization ae. a cell that contains two sets of chromosomes • 10. asexual bc. female gamete, also called an egg • reproduction • 11. ovum bd. the process by which gametes are produced in female • animals