Biology Final Review

1. Biology Final Review

2. Material to Review from the Spring • Digestive system • 4 parts of blood • Steroid and Amino Acid Hormones • Blood H2O control and Blood sugar control • Nervous system and its divisions • Blood types and antigens • Parts of the brain • Parts of a neuron • Transmitting impulses • Movement of blood through the body • Urinary system • Digestive enzymes in the body • Parts of the heart

3. Material to Review from the Spring • Blood pressure and heart rate • Blood flow between the heart and lungs • Innate immune system • Acquired immune system • Lymphatic system • Cellular Immunity • Antibody Immunity • Endocrine system and feedback inhibition • Animal Behavior • Differences between animals and plants • Alternation of Generation • Basic plant life cycle trends • Types of plants and their characteristics • Types of viruses • Lytic and Lysogenic life cycles

4. The Digestive System • Explain how food is broken down chemically and mechanically in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine

5. The Digestive System • What is the purpose of the large intestine? It’s main job is to reabsorb water used in digestion. It also where anaerobic bacteria (E. coli) make vitamins B and K from waster material. • What is the role of the epiglottis? It covers the trachea when food is swallowed and opens up the esophagus which will lead to the stomach

6. The Endocrine System • What are the two types of hormones and give an example of each:

7. The Endocrine System • Explain Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) and how connects to a negative feedback system ADH is release when the body is low on H2O. To keep blood plasma thin, ADH triggers the kidneys to absorb more H2O and sends signal we know as “thirsty” to encourage us to drink more water. After H2O levels return to normal by us drinking and ending our thirst, ADH production stops and the body functions as normal The is a negative feedback system because ADH promotes the “thirsty” feeling which in the end causes ADH to stop being produced once we drink enough water

8. The Endocrine System • What is control center of the endocrine system and the glands it controls? The Hypothalamus is the region of the brain that connects the nervous system and the endocrine system. The pituitary gland, adrenal glands, thyroid, and parathyroid are all important glands in this system • Explain the “flight or fight” response and how it connects to the adrenal glands In times of stress, activity, or conflict the adrenal glands on the kidneys release 4 hormones. These hormones increase heart rate, blood sugar, respiratory rate, and blood pressure. With your body in heightened condition you can quickly run from danger or fight to survive.

9. Review • Bruce and Batman get into a fight. Batman punches Bruce in his shoulder. The pressure from Batman’s fist pass into the skin, muscle tissue and bones in Bruce’s body. Pressure sensors are fired and an electrical signal is sent. 1) Where does the signal go? 2) What endocrine gland is activated because of the signal? • The pituitary gland releases endorphins (pain numbing hormones) which enter the blood stream 3) Where in Bruce’s body do they go? 4) How do the endorphins react to the muscles cells? The Hypothalamus Pituitary Gland Muscle cells in the shoulder Bind to receptors on the plasma membrane

10. Review • As the fight continues, Batman is throwing many punches at Bruce. Bruce is quickly learning to dodge them so not to take any damage.Bruce’s reflexes are increasing and he is moving faster 5) What has happened to Bruce? 6) What gland has caused this to happen? 7) What hormones are causing this increase in speed? 8) What physical changes has Bruce’s body gone through because of the hormones? He is in “Fight or Flight Mode” Adrenal Gland Glucocorticoids, aldosterone, epinephrine, norepinephrine Increase heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, etc…

11. Review • After a series of fast punches from Bruce, Batman gives up and runs away. Bruce starts to relax after a few minutes. His breathing is normal and his heart slows down. However, his glucose levels are still high. The glucocorticoid is still active. 9) What type of hormone is glucocorticoid? 10) What hormone must be released to lower Bruce’s blood sugar level? 11) What type of system is this called? Steroid Insulin Negative Feedback Inhibition

12. The Nervous System

13. The Nervous System • Explain how an impulse travels through a neuron • A cell is stimulate by an impulse that is large enough to cause an action potential • At the axon, Na+ channels open and Na+ ions rush into the cell. • The cell depolarizes at the inside switches from “-” to “+”; near by Na+ channels open moving the impulse down the axon • K+ channels open and K+ ions rush out of the cell • Cell repolarizes as the inside switches back to “-” • Na+/K+ pump sets up concentration gradients of Na+ and K+ ions (3 Na+ out/2 K+ in per ATP) so more impulses can be sent

14. The Nervous System • What is a synapse? How do impulses travel across them? A synapse is a very narrow space between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of the next neuron. Impulses travel across this space by releasing neurotransmitters which move across the synapse and bind to receptors on the dendrite. This then sends the impulse through the next neuron. • What are the three areas of the brain and what do they do? The brain is comprised of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem. The cerebrum controls language, memory, and personality. The cerebellum controls balance and the senses. The brain stem is the connection point between the brain and the spine.

15. The Nervous System • What are the divisions of the nervous system and what do they control?

16. The Circulatory System • What are the 4 parts of blood and what do they do? • Red blood cells move O2 and CO2 around the body • White blood cells protect the body from pathogens • Platelets stop bleeding with blood clots when the body sustains damage • Plasma H2O and organic molecules that keep blood a liquid that can easily move throughout the body

17. The Circulatory System • What are the 4 blood types and what antigens/antibodies do they have? • A A antigens/B antibodies can’t mix with B type • B B antigens/A antibodies can’t mix with A type • AB A and B antigens/ no antibodies can take blood from anyone • O no antigens/ A and B antibodies can be given to anyone

18. The Circulatory System HeartArteriesArteriolesCappillaries VenulesVeinsLungsHeart • What is the path of blood through the body? • What are 3 differences between arteries and veins? • Arteries use blood pressure to move blood Veins use muscle contractions and one-way doors 2) Arteries have thick elastic walls Veins have thin walls 3) Arteries mostly carry oxygenated blood Veins mostly carry deoxygenated blood

19. Blood Flow Between the Heart and Lungs Deoxygenated 1) Body 2) Vena cava 3) Right Atria 4) Right Ventricle 5) Pulmonary artery 6) Lungs 7) Pulmonary vein 8) Left Atria 9) Left Ventricle 10) Aorta 11) Body Oxygenated

20. The Urinary System • What 4 parts of the Urinary system and what do they do? • Kidneys filter blood to remove waster material • Ureters carry urine from kidneys to bladder • Bladder hold urine until it is to be removed from the body • Urethra tube the removed urine from the bladder and carries it outside the body

21. The Urinary System • What is the difference between the Bowman’s Capsule and the U-Shaped tube? Where do we find these two things? Bowman’s Capsule filters all material (H2O, waster material, glucose, organic molecules, etc…) from the blood U-shaped Tube allows the controlled reabsorption of H2O, glucose, salts, and anything else the body still needs You can find these in the nephrons inside the kidneys

22. The Immune System • What are the 4 methods a disease can spread and give an example for each: • Direct contact a infected person physically touching a healthy person and giving them the pathogen • By object an object (like food) is touched by an infected person, the pathogen moves to the object, and the pathogen infects those who touch the object • By air person coughs/sneezes the pathogen out and it floats in the air until another person breaths it in • Vector some living host must carry the disease to healthy people and infect them through interaction (mosquitos and Malaria)

23. The Immune System • What is the difference between the Innate immune system and the Acquired immune system? The innate immune system protects against non-specific pathogens and takes a longer amount of time to fight the infection because first the infection must activate the immune response The acquired immune system uses antibodies and memory B cells to specifically target pathogens that have infected the body before and remove them before an infection starts. This allows the acquired immune system to act very fast

24. The Immune System • What are the 5 parts of the innate immune system? • Skin protective barrier • Secretions stops pathogens from getting in; digestive enzymes break them down • Inflammation histamine from basophils and eosinophils raise temperature of infected area in attempts to kill pathogen • Phagocytes phagocytes (macrophages, neutrophils, and monocytes) catch and kill pathogens by phagocytosis (eating them) • Interferons when a virus kills a host cell, interferons help prevent more viruses from attaching to hosts or reproducing inside a host cell

25. The Immune System • What is the lymphatic system and what does it do? The lymphatic system filters tissue fluid (lymph) through lymph nodes so to catch pathogens circulating through out the body. Inside the lymph nodes, lymphocytes (white blood cells) capture pathogens to produce antibodies and memory B cells to build up the body’s acquired immune system • What is the difference between Antibody Immunity and Cellular Immunity? Antibody immunity produces antibodies and memory B cells while Cellular immunity destroys infected host cells

26. The Immune System • What are the steps of Antibody immunity? • Pathogen infects the body and is picked up by a macrophages • Macrophage breaks down pathogen and presents antigens from pathogen to a T-Cell • T-Cell activates B Cells. • Some B cells become plasma cells that produce antibodies that match the antigen from the pathogen • Some B cells become memory cells so the system can react quickly if the infection returns

27. The Immune System • What are the steps of Cellular immunity? • Pathogen infects the body and is picked up by a macrophages • Macrophage breaks down pathogen and presents antigens from pathogen to a Cytotoxic T-Cell • Cytotoxic T-Cell finds host cells with matching antigens and releases perforin • Perforin attacks host cell’s membrane and kills the host cell and the growing infection • Any escaping pathogens are killed by macrophages