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Abnormal Psychology

This text provides definitions of abnormality and explores the four components of abnormal behavior. It examines various theories of psychopathology, including psychoanalytical, humanistic, cognitive, behavioral, and psycho-physiological approaches. The text also introduces the DSM-IV diagnostic manual and discusses major disorders such as anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and schizophrenia.

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Abnormal Psychology

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  1. Abnormal Psychology Mr. Mac From the Cracking Book

  2. Definitions of Abnormality • 4 components • Abnormal behavior is unusual- deviant statistically • Maladaptive interferes with person’s ability to function in given situations. • Labeled Abnormal • Characterized by Perceptualor cognitive dysfunction

  3. Theories of Psychopathology: Causes of abnormal behavior • Psychoanalytical • Humanistic • Cognitive • Behavioral • Psycho-physiological • Socio-cultural

  4. Freud- Psychoanalytical • Freud- Psychoanalytical • Interactions of Id, Ego, Superego are responsible for abnormal behavior. • Seeds of abnormal behavior occur in childhood

  5. Humanistic- • Being too sensitive to criticism & judgment of others • Related to people unable to accept their own nature • Feelings of isolation due to lack of positiveself-regard (also-external)

  6. Cognitive • Abnormal thought = distortions lead to misconceptions-misinterpretations • Treatment = change content of thought • Change ways thoughts are processed

  7. Behavioral- Abnormal behavior • Is learned • Has been rewarded or reinforced • Is a pattern • Treatment- unlearn maladaptive behavior • Modify the learned response

  8. Psycho-physiological • Abnormal brain function • Chemical or structural issues • Treatment- Medication

  9. DSM-IV Diagnostic and Statistical Manual Published by APA- (American Psychological Association) Used to diagnose 5 Dimensions Serves as a guide 1. Axis 1 Major Disorders Schizophrenia Delirium, dementia= perceptual and cognitive disruption Eating Disorders Anorexia + Bulimia Sleeping disorders- that impact behavior Including brain + other physical disorders Diagnosis of Psychopathology

  10. DSM IV- Axis II: Personality Disorders • Avoidant and Dependent Personality

  11. DSM IV- AXIS III: Physical Disorders • Disorders that impact brain + and other physical disorders

  12. DSM IV- Axis IV:Assesses level of Stress • Assess level of psychological stress based on factors from first 3 levels

  13. DSM IV- Axis 5:Overall Assessment of Functioning • Person’s level of functioning used to diagnose abnormal behavior

  14. Anxiety Disorders • Feelings of tensions + Nervousness • Sometimes panic attacks • Individual feels overwhelming sense of panic fear, desire to escape • Physiologically- • Sweating • Heart rate UP • Feeling of being paralyzed with fright • Panic Disorder

  15. Anxiety Disorders 2 • Panic Disorder • Recurring panic attacks • Worry of panic attacks • Obsessive-Compulsive disorder (OCD) • Obsessions- Involuntary persistent thoughts • Compulsions- repetitive behaviors that are time consuming and maladaptive • Example – germs and washing hands (lots of time and thought associated)

  16. Anxiety Disorders 3 • Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder • Caused by exposure to trauma- violence, war, death, suffering • Description: recurring thoughts and anxiety linked to the trauma • Causes decreased ability to function • Causes general detachment from reality

  17. Anxiety Disorders 4 • Phobias- persistent and irrational fear of common events • Agoraphobia- fear of being in open spaces/public spaces • Escape is perceived to be difficult • Phobias Web Site

  18. Psychosomatic (Brain and Body) Means a psych disorder affects the body Characterized by physical manifestations Example Conversion Disorder Pscyh disorder Where a deficit of physiological function Paralysis or blindness Freud said – cause by psychological conflicts If resolved it would end the physical problem Somatoform Disorders

  19. Somatoform Disorders 2 • Hypochondrias • A person who irrationally concerned with having a serious disease • Person imagines symptoms + • Seeks treatment

  20. Mood Disorders • Extreme disturbances of emotional balance • 2 types • Depression • Bipolar Disorder

  21. Mood Disorders 2 Biological Factor: Linked to low level of serotonin • Depression or (Uni-polar) • Symptoms: • Depressed mood • General lack of interest in usual things • Possible thoughts of death or suicide • Low sense of self worth • Low energy • Must last 2 or more weeks in duration to be major depression • Situational factors may cause or increase

  22. Bipolar Disorder A number of forms 1stmost common = Major depression but with infrequent Manic Episodes 2nd (rare) Manic- characterized by: extreme talkativeness increased self esteem Excessive pleasure seeking Lack of sleep 3rd. Cycle- Normal Manic Depression Ups and downs Biology- Both men and women Runs in families Associated with Acetylcholine Seasonal winter depression “Seasonal Affective Disorder” Mood Disorders 3

  23. Family of 5 disorders (types) Common features Delusions Hallucinations Disturbed- inappropriate responses to environmental stimuli Disorganized Schizophrenia Catatonic Schizophrenia Paranoid Schizophrenia Undifferentiated Schizophrenia Residual Schizophrenia Schizophrenic Disorders

  24. Disorganized Schizophrenia • Incoherent Speech • Flat or inappropriate emotional affect

  25. Catatonic Schizophrenia • Stupor • Rigid body for extended periods

  26. Paranoid Schizophrenia • Auditory hallucinations • Feelings of persecution • May feel as - secret/hidden message in everyday items • Delusions of grandeur or persecution

  27. Undifferentiated Schizophrenia • Multiple symptoms

  28. Residual Schizophrenia • Not profoundly Schizophrenic • Display some schizo tendencies • Have had one or more schizo episodes

  29. Organic Disorders • Caused by brain damage • Disease - Dementia, Alzheimers • Chemicals - drugs, alcohol dependence • “OBS” organic brain syndrome

  30. Pervasive expression of extreme abnormal personality construct Interferes with normal social functioning Paranoid Personality Anti-Social Personality Narcissistic Personality Dependent Personality Histrionic Personality Personality Disorders

  31. Paranoid Personality Extreme distrust and suspicion Anti-social Personality Disregard for rights and interests of others Narcissistic Self Pre-occupation Need for others to focus on oneself Dependent Personality A need to be cared for Histrionic Personality Excessive emotional reactions and excitability Need for attention Personality Disorders 2

  32. Dissociative Disorder • Deals with dysfunction of memory or altered sense of identity • 3 main types • Amnesia • Fugue • Identity disorders

  33. Dissociative Disorder:Amnesia • Sudden loss of memory • Precipitated by traumatic event • Anterograde- loss of memory after trauma • Retrograde- loss of memory before trauma

  34. Dissociative Disorder:Fugue • Sudden Complete loss of identity caused by stress • Then a new identity is formed • People often leave home and find new identity.

  35. Dissociative Disorder:Identity Disorder= Multiple Personalities • Appearance of 2 or more distinct identities in one person • Identities may or may not be aware of the others • Personality that manifests may be - based on context

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