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The Industrial Revolution: A Transformation in Europe

Explore the major transformation of goods production systems during the Industrial Revolution from 1750 to 1870. Discover how technological advancements in Great Britain led to economic and societal changes in Europe and the United States.

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The Industrial Revolution: A Transformation in Europe

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  1. Unit 3 4th graders(ESO) Social StudiesDepartment Almudena Corrales Marbán The Industrial Revolution.

  2. Between 1750 and 1870, twoverydifferentrevolutionstook place simultaneously in Europe: theFrench Revolution(unit 2), which led to politicaltransformation, and theIndustrial Revolution(thisunit), whichbroughtaboutdramaticeconomic and technologicalchanges. Theserevolutionshadanenormousimpactonsociety; in thisperiod and yearsafter. Almudena Corrales Marbán

  3. INTRODUCTION • Between1780 and 1850 therewas a majortransformation of goodsproductionsystems: theIndustrial Revolution. Itstarted in Great Britainand thenit spread toEurope and theUnitedStates of America. • Followingtheintroduction of energyresources, coal and steam, machines graduallystartedtoreplace manual labour. • Industrial capitalism emerged, basedonprivateownership of productionsystems and free enterprise. Thispromptedthegroth of thebourgeoisie and theformation of theproletariat, establishing a classsociety. • Towardstheend of the 19th century, theindustrialisedcountriesexperiencedfurthereconomicgrowth. Theintroduction of energysources, electricity and oilledto a second Industrial Revolution. Almudena Corrales Marbán

  4. 1. THE CAUSES OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION The Industria Revolutionoriginated in Great Britain in the 1750s and continuedintothe 19th centuryexpandedthroughEurope. Duringthisperiodtechnologicaladvancestransformedeconomy.. Why Great Britain? A combination of factorsmadeitpossible. Populationgrowth Agriculturalimprovements Increasedtrade Technologicalprogress Financialsupportfromagriculture and trade Favourablepolitical and social structure Almudena Corrales Marbán

  5. 1.1. Populationgrowth Duringthe 18th century, living conditionsimproved in Europeduetoadvances in nutricion, hygiene and medicine. Theseimprovementsledtopopulationgrowth. As a result, thedemandforfood and othergoodsincreased, whichstimulatedagricultural and industrial production. In addition, populationgrowthalsoprovided a largerwork-force. Almudena Corrales Marbán

  6. 1.2. Agriculturalimprovements • In the 18th century a series of EnclosureActs (laws) werepassed in Great Britainthtatenclosed open fields and commonlands, whichcreatedlarger and more profitablefarms. • Sometimestheseactsmeantthatmany local peoplelosttheirrighttocultivatetheland. • Bytheearly 19th century, farmerswerebeginningto use theNorfolk croprotationsystem. Itmeantthat no landremainedfallow (unused). • New machinerywasalsointroduced, alongwith new crops and fertiilisers. As resultthepopulation, whichnowhadaccessto a richer and more varieddiet, continuedtogrow. Almudena Corrales Marbán

  7. 1.3. Increasedtrade Great Britain’sdominance of maritimetraderoutesledtotherapidexpansion of transatlanticcommence. Domestictradealsoincreasedduetothegreaterdemandforgoods. Thisexpansion of tradeencouragedindustrializationbecausetheprofitsfomthetradewereusedtofinance industrial development. Almudena Corrales Marbán

  8. 1.4. Technologicalprogress Themostimportanttechnologicalinnovationduringtheindustrialisationwastheintroduction of machinery. Eachtechnicaladvancemeantanincrease in productivity and reducedcosts: theproductbecamecheaper, demandincreased and higherprofitsresulted. Theearly machines werepoweredbyhumans and thenlaterbyhydroelectricenergy. However, itwasthesteamengine, inventedbyJames Watt in 1769, thatbecame a symbol of the Industrial Revolution. Thesteamengineusedcoal as fuel, replacingthetraditionalenergyresources. Almudena Corrales Marbán

  9. THE FACTORIES In themeantime, manufacturingsystemswere moved into a largespacescalledfactories, in ordertohousethemachinery, new energysources and workforceunderoneroof. Work in thefactorieswasdivided up and eachworkercarriedoutonly a part of theproductionprocess. (Rememberthe film Modern Times by Charles Chaplin) Almudena Corrales Marbán

  10. 1.5. Financialsupportfromagriculture and trade In Great Britain, agriculture and commercialactivitiesprovided capital thatcould be invested in industry. Thisinvestmentwasessentialbecause industries requiredlargeamounts of moneytopayforfactories, machinery, rawmaterials, fuel and worker’swages. (longtermprocess) Almudena Corrales Marbán

  11. 1.6. Favourablepolitical and social structure Great Britain’sallowedthbourgeoisietoparticipate in thegovernmentand politicaldecision-making. As result, this social groupwasabletopromotemeasuresthatadvanceditseconomicinterests, such as lawstoliberalise industrial production. Almudena Corrales Marbán

  12. 2. KEY ELEMENTS OF INDUSTRIALISATION Duringthe Industrial Revolution, threeareasmadean especial contributiontoeconomicgrowth: THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTION THE TRANSPORT REVOLUTION Almudena Corrales Marbán

  13. 2.1. Textileindustry In Great Britain, thefirst sector to use machines wasthecottonindustry. In the18th century, Great Britainimportedlargequantities of cottonclothfrom India. In anattempttostimulateitsdomesticcottonindustry, Britaindecidedtobanimports of finishedcottonclothproductsfrom India. As a result, and in ordertomanagetheincrease in domesticproduction, new inventionsappeared, notablytheflyingshuttle (1733) and thespinning jenny.These new machines enablelargeamounts of fabricto be made in less time and forlessmoney (competitiveprices) Almudena Corrales Marbán

  14. 2.2. Iron and steelproduction One factor thatcontributedtothedevelopment of industryin Great Britainwasthenation’slargesupply of coal and iron ore. Forcenturies, the British hadconvertedtheiriron ores toiron and steelbyheatingtheraw material withcharcoal. However, itwasthe use of coke (a solid fuel madebyheatingcoal) in theblastfurnacesthatledto a majordevelopmen in theproduction of iron as a raw material. Thedevelopment of Bessemer’sconverterallowedfactoriesto produce muchlargerquatities of steel. Almudena Corrales Marbán

  15. 2.3. Thetransportrevolution Theearlypart of the Industrial Revolutionsawimprovementsmadetoroads and canals. However, itwasthe use of steamengineontrains and shipsthatreallychangedtransport. Thefirstpassangerrailway line wasbuilt in England and joinedthecities of Manchester and Liverpool (1830). Overthenextfewdecadeslineswerebuiltthroughout continental Europe. Train security and reducedthecost of transportinggoods. Thefirststeamboatsbeganoperating in the US in 1807, and in 1847 shipscouldcrosstheAtlantic in 15 days. (Barcos transatlánticos) Almudena Corrales Marbán

  16. Thisrevolutionary mean of transport, one of the symbols of theindustrialisation, wasalsotheprotagonist of thefirst film, projectedbytheLumièrebrothers. THE RAILWAY(El ferrocarril) RailwayswerebuiltthroughtEurope at first and later spread throughttheworld. Itwasthesteamlocomotivethatreallyrevolutionisedcommunications. Thelocomotivewas a movingsteamengine and itpullescarriagesforpassangersorgoods. Thepressure of thesteam moved a pistonhosedinside a cylinder. Almudena Corrales Marbán

  17. 3. INDUSTRIALISATION IN EUROPE • Duringthe19th century, the Industrial Revolution spread from Great Britaintoothercountries, includingGermany, Belgium and France. Thisexpansiontook place becausethesecountrieshad: • ABUNDANT RESERVES OF IRON AND COAL • GROWING POPULATION THAT DEMANDED MORE GOODS • WELL-DEVELOPED RAILWAY NETWORKS TO FACILITATE TRANSPORT Almudena Corrales Marbán

  18. 3.1 Industrialisation in Spain Industrialisationtook place later in Spain and happened more slowlythan in othercountries. Thiswasduetothefollowingfactors: Spanishcoaldepositsweregenerally of poorquality Spainwaslesstechnologicallyadvancedthanothercountries. (Landownersinsistedonbuying more landwiththeintention of making a living out of rentingitto free peasants, instead of investingtheir capital on machines and factories) Great Britain and France invested in theSpanishrailways and themininginsdustry, forexample in Río Tinto in Huelva. Theseinvestmentsbenefited Great Britain and France, butdidlittletopromoteinsdustrialdevelopment in Spain. Almudena Corrales Marbán

  19. 4. A CLASS-BASED SOCIETY • Societywasdividedintothreegroups: upperclass, themiddleclass and theworkingclass. • People’s social classwasdeterminedbytheirprofession and wealth. • Societywas open, so people’s social classcouldchangeiftheir personal situationchanged. • In theory, allcitizenswerenowequalunderthelaw, withoutspecialprivileges. • In practice, thereweregreateconomicinequalities. At theend of the 18th century, a new type of social organisationwasemerging in Europe, whichreplcedthetraditionalestatessystem of theAnceinRégime. In thisnew class-basedsociety, poeple’s social status depended ontheirwork and their personal wealth, and notontheyfamilybackground. Almudena Corrales Marbán

  20. MIDDLE- CLASS NEIGHBOURHOODS Middle-classneighbourhoodswereextensions of thehistoriccity centre, builtfarawayfromthenoise and pollution of thefactories. Theywerewellplannedwithstraight, wideavenues, gas streetlights, shops, theatres and tram-lines. Homeswereusuallylarge, wellbuilt and comfortable, sometimeswithseveralfloors. WORKING-CLASS NEIGHBOURHOODS Working-classneighbourhoodswerebuilt in marginal areasontheoutskirts of thecity, oftennearfactories. Thestreetswerenarrow and notwellplaneed, and therewasusually no lightingorotherpublicservices. Thehouses in theseareaswereusuallysmall, poorlybuilt and uncomfortable. Almudena Corrales Marbán

  21. Almudena Corrales Marbán

  22. 5. INDUSTRIAL CAPITALISM The Industrial Revolutionbroughtabouttwo new ideologies: capitalismas aneconomicsystemand liberalism as a political doctrine. Economicliberalismisthetheorythatfree trade and non-governmentintervention are keytosuccessfuleconomicgrowth. Almudena Corrales Marbán

  23. 5.1. Liberalism and capitalism Thefather of economicliberalismwasAdam Smith. In hiswork, TheWealth of Nations(1776), he establishedtheprinciples of economicliberalism: Self-interest and thedesireformaximunbenefitswould drive theeconomy. Themarketwouldself-regulate and priceswould be determinedbysupply and demandlevels. Governmentswouldnotintervene in theeconomy. Privatepropertywould be an inviolable right. Almudena Corrales Marbán

  24. 5.2. Banking and Finance Industrial expansionledtotheappearance of new moderncreditfacilities, such as thestatebank. Peoplewereencouragebytheavailability of bankloanstoinvest in machineries. As the Industrial Revolutiongrew, new businesseshadbeenownedby a solepropietor. Butindustrializationledtotheformation of corporations, created in ordertoraise capital forexpansion. Almudena Corrales Marbán

  25. 5.2. Expansion of capitalism In theearly 19th century, industrialisation spread to France and Belgium. Thiswasmainlyduetothelarge reserves of iron and coalwhichenabledthedevelopment of thesteelindustry. Itwasalsolargelyduetogovernmentencouragement. Between1850 and 1870, Russia, Germany, the USA and Japanalsobecameindustrialised. In thesecountries, a fewpowerfulcompanies in each sector werecreated. Thestate and thebankswereinvolved in thisprocess. In SouthernEurope, industrialisedregions and areasthatremained rural coexisted. Eastern Europedidnotindustrialiseduntilwellintothe 20th century. Almudena Corrales Marbán

  26. 6. SOCIAL MOVEMENTS In the new industrial society, a number of thinkers emerged whodenouncedtheinjusticescreatedbycapitalism. Theyproposed new models of social organization. Almudena Corrales Marbán

  27. 6.1. Thefirstworkers’ associations Duringthefirsttwodecades of the 19th century, workersexpressedtheiroppositiontothemechanisationof productionsystemsbydestroyingmachinery and settingfiretofactories (Luddism). Theyblamedmechanisationforthelow salaries and unemployment. Meanwhile, somegroups of workersbeganto be classconcious. Theycreatedworker’sassociations (mutual aidsocieties), whichoriginated in Britain in the late 18th century, toprovide mutual aid in case of illnessorunemployemnet. Almudena Corrales Marbán

  28. 6.2. UNIONISM At first, theworkers’ associationswereoutlawedbythe Liberal government. Butin 1825 thelawsprohibitingthemwereovereturned in Britain and thefirstunionswereestablished. In 1834 the Great Tradeunionwasfounded, formedbyworkers of varioustrades. Thepurpose of theunionswastoimproveworkingconditions. Theirinitialdemandsincludedthedefence of therighttoformunions, thereduction of theworkinghours , wageimprovements, and childlabourregulation. Almudena Corrales Marbán

  29. 6.3. MARXISM AND SOCIALISM In themid19th century, Karl Marx introducedtheworldto a radical form of socialismcalledMarxism. Marx and Friedrich Engels outlinedtheir ideas in a pamphletcalledtheCommunistManifesto. Marx arguedthatthe Industrial Revolutionhadenrichedthewealthy (thebourgeoisie) and impoverishedtheworkingclass (theproletariat). Thetwowriterspredictedthat in thefuturetheproletariatwouldoverthrowtheupperclasses in a worker’srevolutionwhichwoulddestroycapitalism and create a classlesssociety. In thelate 19th Marxistscreated social laboursparties. Thesewereintroduced in thenationalparliamentstopromote: • Betterworkingconditions • Femalesuffrage • Progressiveincometax • Eight- hourworkingday Almudena Corrales Marbán

  30. 6.4. ANARCHISM Anarchistthinkers (Proudhon, BakuninorKropotkin) calledforfreedom of the individual. Theyalsoadvocatedtheelimination of privateproperty, thedefence of communalproperty and classlesssocietyorstate. One sector advocatedviolentdirectactionagainstthe social foundations of capitalism (thearmy, thestate, theChurch, thebourgeoisie). Another sector supportedthecreation of revolutionaryunions(anarcho-syndicalism), in ordertoimproveworkers’ conditions and foster social revolution. Bakunin Kropotkin Almudena Corrales Marbán

  31. 6.5. Theinternationalworkers Marxists and anarchistsadvocatedtheneedtounitetheworkingclassaroundtheworld in ordertofightcapitalism. In 1864 the International Worker’sAssociationwascreated (theFirst International) whichunitedMarxists, anarchists and tradeunionists. TheAssociationwas disolved in 1876 duetothedifferencesthatarosebetweenMarxists and anarchists. In 1889, socialistleadersfoundedtheSecond International or International Socialist in Paris. Itspurposewastocoordinatetheprogrammes and actions of thevarioussocialistsparties. TheSecond International createdsome of the symbols of thelabourmovement, such as theworkers’ anthem and May Day (Workers’ Day) Almudena Corrales Marbán

  32. 7. THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION In the late 19th century new energysources and industries prompted a Second Industrial Revolution. This new wave of industrialisation spread to GERMANY, THE USA AND JAPAN. Electricity and oilwerethenew energysources. Theyinvention of thedynamo in 1869 wasthefirstelectricalgeneratortodeliverpowerfor industrial purposes. Thedynamowasthefoundationforthefutureelectricalpowerconversiondevices. EDISON, New Yersey 1901 Almudena Corrales Marbán

  33. Oilwasfirstextracted in the USA in the 19th century. Itwasused as fuel fortheinternalcombustionengine, whichledtotheinvention of the car. Thishad a hugeimpactonsocietyevennowadays. Henry Ford inventedthefamily car and it use spread rapidly. Diesel engineswereincorporatedintoships, increasingtheircapacity and speed Firstextractions of oil Thenew metals of thisSecond Industrial Revolutionwerestainlesssteel and aluminium. Thechemicalindustryadvanced in Germany and new fertilisers, pharmaceuticals and otherchemicalproductsweremade. Massproduction of steel and reinforced concrete enabletheconstruction of thefirstskycrapers Henry Ford. El Ford T Almudena Corrales Marbán

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