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TGi security overview

Learn about network security aspects like beacon, probe responses, association requests, and 802.1X authentication using EAP-TLS for secure wireless communication.

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TGi security overview

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  1. TGi security overview Tim Moore, Microsoft Corporation Clint Chaplin, Symbol Technologies Tim Moore, Microsoft; Clint Chaplin, Symbol

  2. Section numbers based on Draft 1.8 • Beacon/Probe/Associate • 802.1X authentication using RADIUS • EAP/EAP-TLS • Key Hierarchy • Key derivations • Nonces • Key Management • Per packet TKIP • Per packet AES • Re-associate Tim Moore, Microsoft; Clint Chaplin, Symbol

  3. Beacon • Search for APs that support Enhanced security • Select ESN • Capability bit (bit 11) (7.3.1.4) • Select Authentication Suite • Beacon • Authentication Suite IE (7.3.2.17) • OUI 00:00:00:03 is 802.1X (default) • Since optional should attempt to associate if no Auth suite IE • Select cipher suites (7.3.2.X) • Beacon • Contains unicast and multicast cipher suite IE (7.3.2.18, 19) • OUI 00:00:00:01 TKIP • OUI 00:00:00:02 AES (default) • Since optional should attempt to associate if no Cipher suite IE Tim Moore, Microsoft; Clint Chaplin, Symbol

  4. Probe Request/Response • Select ESN • Capability bit (bit 11) (7.3.1.4) • Select Authentication • Probe response • Authentication IE (7.3.2.17) • OUI 00:00:00:03 is 802.1X (default) • Since optional should attempt to associate if no Auth suite IE • Select cipher suite • Probe response • Contains unicast and multicast cipher suite IE (7.3.2.18, 19) • OUI 00:00:00:01 TKIP • OUI 00:00:00:02 AES (default) • Since optional should attempt to associate if no cipher suite IE Tim Moore, Microsoft; Clint Chaplin, Symbol

  5. Association Request/Response • Select ESN • Capability bit (bit 11) (7.3.1.4) • Select Authentication • Associate request/response • Authentication IE (7.3.2.17) • OUI 00:00:00:03 is 802.1X (default) • Select cipher suite • Associate request/response • Contains unicast and multicast cipher suite IE (7.3.2.18, 19) • OUI 00:00:00:01 TKIP • OUI 00:00:00:02 AES (default) Tim Moore, Microsoft; Clint Chaplin, Symbol

  6. 802.1X • 802.1X – IEEE 802.1X standard • Starts after association • Packets sent as unencrypted data • Credentials supported • Pre-shared key • Authentication (using a Radius server) • EAPOL-Start • Initiates 802.1X from client • EAPOL-Packet • Carries EAP messages • EAPOL-Key • Carries key updates Tim Moore, Microsoft; Clint Chaplin, Symbol

  7. 802.1X/Radius (RFC2865) • 802.1X exchange to radius server • 802.1X carries EAP packets (RFC2284) • EAP packet carried over Radius in a EAP attribute • Authentication completes when Radius server sends either • Radius-Access-Accept: AP sends EAP_Success (in EAPOL-Packet) to station • Radius-Access-Reject: AP sends EAP_Failure • Master session keys need to be moved from Radius server to AP • Note the initial master session key derivation is at the Radius server • Described in Annex J – also used for pre-shared secret • Carried in Radius-Access-Accept • Radius attribute Annex K Tim Moore, Microsoft; Clint Chaplin, Symbol

  8. EAP (RFC2284) • EAP-Request • Identity – Request for user id • Notification – display message to user • MD5 – MD5 authentication • TLS – EAP-TLS authentication • … - other authentication methods • EAP-Response • Identity – user id • Notification – ack of display message • Nak – EAP auth method not supported • MD5 – MD5 auth • TLS – TLS auth • … - other auth methods • EAP-Success • Auth successful • EAP-Failure • Auth Failed Tim Moore, Microsoft; Clint Chaplin, Symbol

  9. Association Access blocked 802.11 Associate EAPOL-Start EAP-Request/Identity Radius-Access-Request EAP-Response/Identity Radius-Access-Challenge EAP-Request Radius-Access-Request EAP-Response (credentials) Radius-Access-Accept EAP-Success Access allowed 802.1X/Radius On 802.11 Wireless Access Point Radius Server Laptop computer Ethernet 802.11 RADIUS Tim Moore, Microsoft; Clint Chaplin, Symbol

  10. EAP-TLS (RFC2716) • A possible authentication method • Client cert auth to radius server • Server cert auth to client (optional) • Certs are often larger than an Ethernet frame so fragmented across multiple round trips • Master key generation • Master session key derivation • On station and Radius server • Fast reconnect • Re-authentication • Server caches TLS session information after TLS session terminates • Client and Server prove possession of master secret • Generates new master session key material • Reduces number of round trips and size of messages (no certs sent) Tim Moore, Microsoft; Clint Chaplin, Symbol

  11. EAP-TLS Station AP <- PPP EAP-Request/EAP-Type=EAP-TLS ( TLS Start) PPP EAP-Response/EAP-Type=EAP-TLS (TLS client_hello) -> <- PPP EAP-Request/EAP-Type=EAP-TLS ( TLS server_hello, TLS certificate, [TLS server_key_exchange,] [TLS certificate_request,] TLS server_hello_done) PPP EAP-Response/EAP-Type=EAP-TLS (TLS certificate, TLS client_key_exchange, [TLS certificate_verify,] TLS change_cipher_spec, TLS finished) -> <- PPP EAP-Request/EAP-Type=EAP-TLS (TLS change_cipher_spec, TLS finished) PPP EAP-Response/EAP-Type=EAP-TLS -> Tim Moore, Microsoft; Clint Chaplin, Symbol

  12. EAP-TLS – fast reconnect Station AP <- PPP EAP-Request/EAP-Type=EAP-TLS( TLS Start) PPP EAP-Response/EAP-Type=EAP-TLS (TLS client_hello) -> <- PPP EAP-Request/EAP-Type=EAP-TLS (TLS server_hello, TLS change_cipher_spec TLS finished) PPP EAP-Response/EAP-Type=EAP-TLS (TLS change_cipher_spec, TLS finished) -> Tim Moore, Microsoft; Clint Chaplin, Symbol

  13. 802.1X pre-shared key • Pre-shared Key on stations that authenticate to each other • Pre-shared Key is the Master Key • Annex J is used to derive initial Master Session Keys • Nonce is not live: Source | Destination MAC address • Temporal keys not derived from initial Master Session Keys • EAPOL-Key messages send Nonce for key mapping keys • Next Master Session Key derivation includes liveness • Derived Temporal Keys Tim Moore, Microsoft; Clint Chaplin, Symbol

  14. Key Hierarchy • Master key • Pre-shared key • Or Master key created by EAP method • During EAP authentication • Master session key (derived from APEncn-1, APIVn-1) • Expand from master key or from the previous temporal key • Sent from Radius server if using EAP via Radius server • Transient session key (derived from PAEnc) • Derived from master session key • Temporal Encrypt key (128bits) • Truncated transient session key • Used as AES-OCB key • Temporal Auth key (64bits) • Used in TKIP • EAPOL-Key message encryption key (APEnc) • Used to encrypt nonce or key material • EAPOL-Key message authentication key (PAAuth) • EAPOL-Key IV (PAIV) • Authenticator IE MIC key (APAuth) • Used to MIC key message • Per-packet key (TKIP only) • Derived from Temporal key Tim Moore, Microsoft; Clint Chaplin, Symbol

  15. TKIP Temporal Key Mapping Key Hierarchy Tim Moore, Microsoft; Clint Chaplin, Symbol

  16. Master key -> Master Session Key • Annex J • RFC2716 • RFC2246 • Takes a Nonce and expands from Master Temporal Key to 128bytes of key material • PRF1 = PRF (K, "client EAP encryption", Nonce) • APEnc • PAEnc • APAuth • PAAuth • Generate 64bytes of IV (Nonce) • PRF2 = PRF ("","client EAP encryption", Nonce) • APIV • PAIV Tim Moore, Microsoft; Clint Chaplin, Symbol

  17. Master Session Key Derivation Tim Moore, Microsoft; Clint Chaplin, Symbol

  18. PRF • TLS Section 5 – RFC2246 • PRF(secret, label, seed) = P_MD5(S1, label + seed) XOR P_SHA-1(S2, label + seed); • S1 is first half of secret • S2 is second half of secret Tim Moore, Microsoft; Clint Chaplin, Symbol

  19. Temporal key -> Master Session Key • Annex J • RFC2716 • RFC2246 • Takes a Nonce and expands from Temporal Key to 128bytes of key material • PRF1 = PRF (K, "key expansion“, Nonce) • APEnc • PAEnc • APAuth • PAAuth • Generate 64bytes of IV (Nonce) • PRF2 = PRF ("","IV block", Nonce) • APIV • PAIV Tim Moore, Microsoft; Clint Chaplin, Symbol

  20. Master Session Key -> Transient Session Key • Annex I • RFC3078/3079 • On PAEnc Tim Moore, Microsoft; Clint Chaplin, Symbol

  21. Transient Session Key Truncation to Temporal key • Annex I • Last 128 bits of transient session key • From PAEnc • Go back 2 slides for next key Tim Moore, Microsoft; Clint Chaplin, Symbol

  22. Nonce • Master session key derivation needs a nonce • First Master session key derivation • Nonce is generated by EAP method • Nonce needs to be same on both station and radius server so master session key material is the same • Following master session key derivation • Nonce is from the previous derivation • Sent from AP to station Tim Moore, Microsoft; Clint Chaplin, Symbol

  23. Key Management • EAPOL-Key for default/broadcast • Contains actual temporal key • Same key sent to all stations • EAPOL-Key for key mapping • Contains nonce used to derived temporal key • Key updates • Management policy for when keys are updated • Most efficient to look at IV space used • MIB contains max IV and current sent IV (Annex D) • Need to add current receive IV • SetKeys.Indication for MLME indication of IV space exhaustion (10.3.11.3) Tim Moore, Microsoft; Clint Chaplin, Symbol

  24. Key Messages • Contains • Key index • Flags • Key mapping/default: what type of key • Tx/Rx: What use the key should be put to • Reset IV: Whether to reset the IV space or not • Key length • Key material (Temporal key or Nonce) • Key material length • TKIP key message • Encrypts using RC4, MIC using HMAC-MD5 • AES key message • Encrypts using AES-CBC, MIC using AES-CBC-MAC Tim Moore, Microsoft; Clint Chaplin, Symbol

  25. EAPOL-Key Keys Tim Moore, Microsoft; Clint Chaplin, Symbol

  26. Ping – Pong (8.5.8) Tim Moore, Microsoft; Clint Chaplin, Symbol

  27. Per packet keying TKIP (8.6.1) • TKIP Phase 1 key • Done once per temporal key • Mixing Transmitter Ethernet address into temporal key • 128 bits • TKIP Phase 2 key • Done once per packet • Mixing IV into phase 1 output • 128 bits • Truncated to 104 bits for RC4 Tim Moore, Microsoft; Clint Chaplin, Symbol

  28. TKIP • Encryption is WEP using TKIP Phase 2 key • IV selection rules (8.6.2) • MIC: Michael (8.6.3) • Uses Temporal Auth Key • Covers • Source and destination MAC address • Unencrypted data payload • Requires Counter measures to limit attack rate (8.6.3.3) Tim Moore, Microsoft; Clint Chaplin, Symbol

  29. Michael( 8.6.3) • Michael message processing: MICHAEL((K0, K1) , (M0,...,MN)) • Input: Key (K0, K1) and message M0,...,MN • Output: MIC value (V0, V1) (L,R)  (K0, K1) for i=0 to N-1 L  L  M­i (L, R) b( L, R ) return (L,R) • Michael block function: b(L,R) • Input: (L,R) • Output: (L,R) R  R  (L <<< 17) L  (L + R) mod 232 R R  XSWAP(L) L  (L + R) mod 232 R R  (L <<< 3) L  (L + R) mod 232 R R  (L >>> 2) L  (L + R) mod 232 return (L,R) Tim Moore, Microsoft; Clint Chaplin, Symbol

  30. Per packet processing AES • Temporal key is used as the encryption key • Encryption AES-OCB (8.7.2) • Requires a Nonce • Includes replay counter, QoS traffic class, Source and Destination MAC address • 28bit replay counter/sequence number per QoS class • 64bit MIC Tim Moore, Microsoft; Clint Chaplin, Symbol

  31. Re-associate Request/Response • Select ESN • Capability bit (bit 11) (7.3.1.4) • Select Authentication • Authentication IE (7.3.2.17) • OUI 00:00:00:03 is 802.1X (default if no IE) • Select cipher suite • Contains unicast and multicast cipher suite IE (7.3.2.18, 19) • OUI 00:00:00:01 TKIP • OUI 00:00:00:02 AES (default if no IE) • Fast handoff • Authenticator IE (7.3.2.21) • Passing station MIC to the old AP Tim Moore, Microsoft; Clint Chaplin, Symbol

  32. Re-associate Request/Response • If no IAPP or no Auth IE in Re-associate request then • Re-associate to new AP • Go back to slide 6 • Else • Auth IE processing rules (7.3.2.21) • Use IAPP to move station Auth IE to old AP • Old AP checks station MIC • Old AP calculates new AP MIC • IAPP moves Auth IE and original master session keys to new AP • New AP passes Auth IE in re-association response • New AP puts 1X state machine in authenticated state and sends EAP_Success • Go to slide 19 • Endif Tim Moore, Microsoft; Clint Chaplin, Symbol

  33. Authenticator IE Tim Moore, Microsoft; Clint Chaplin, Symbol

  34. STA IAPP Move IAPP Send SecBlock IAPP Send SecBlock Ack IAPP Move Ack Reassociate Request Query New AP Query Response Reassociate Response IAPP Fast Hand-off of TGi Keys Old AP AS • Query transaction supplies IPsec security association material  only needed once if New AP caches SAs; requires AS to maintain registry of IPsec SAs • SendBlock transaction copies keying material from old AP to new AP • Move transaction deletes keying material off old AP Tim Moore, Microsoft; Clint Chaplin, Symbol

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