Genetics: Genotype & Phenotype

1. Genetics:Genotype & Phenotype Topic 3033 Mrs. Rathka

2. Gregor Mendel • Austrian Monk who experimented with pea plants • He noticed that not all peas are the same: • Green vs. yellow • Tall vs. short • Round vs. wrinkled • He discovered that crossing peas depended on the genes of the plant rather than only the outward appearance of the plant Unless otherwise noted, all pictures come from Mr. Henne’s genetics powerpoint

3. Phenotype vs. Genotype • Phenotype: the physical appearance of a plant or animal because of its genetic makeup (genotype) • Genotype: genetic constitution (makeup) of an individual www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/swine/

4. Genotype

5. Genotype • Gene: a specific region of a chromosome which is capable of determining the development of a specific trait; composed of DNA • Allele: a pair of genes located at the same place on a homologous chromosome

6. Traits are controlled by genes • Dominant genes: those that mask the presence of other corresponding genes • Recessive genes: those whose physical expression (phenotype) is masked when in the presence of a dominant gene • Diploid organisms: always have two alleles, one on each chromosome of a homologous pair • Example: the gene for green peas is dominant and the gene for yellow peas is recessive. A pea may have one allele for the expression of yellow color, but it also has an allele for green color. The peas will be green because green is dominant.

7. The Punnett Square • A way for determining the genotype and phenotype of offspring • Capital letters are assigned to dominant genes and lower-case letters are assigned to recessive genes

8. Heterozygous vs. Homozygous • Heterozygous- when a plant or animal has two genes for different traits (example: tall and short) • Homozygous- when a plant or animal has two genes for the same trait (example: two tall genes, or two short genes)

9. Using the Punnet Square • Tall=T • Short=t • TT x tt T T t Tt Tt t Tt Tt

10. Practice Using the Punnett Square

11. Practice Questions • What would be the genotype of the offspring of a yellow pea (gg) with a green pea (Gg)? • What would be the genotype of the offspring of a homozygous recessive yellow pea crossed with a homozygous dominant green pea?

12. Codominance • Some traits are not dominant or recessive, therefore both traits are partially expressed when they exist in the same plant or animal • For example: a red snapdragon crossed with a white snapdragon produces pink snapdragons • This is called codominance