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Unit 4: WWII and Its Aftermath

Unit 4: WWII and Its Aftermath. Chapter 18- Cold War Conflicts. The Cold War [1945-1991]: An Ideological Struggle. Soviet & Eastern Bloc Nations [ “ Iron Curtain ” ]. US & the Western Democracies.

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Unit 4: WWII and Its Aftermath

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  1. Unit 4: WWII and Its Aftermath Chapter 18- Cold War Conflicts

  2. The Cold War [1945-1991]: An Ideological Struggle Soviet & Eastern Bloc Nations[“Iron Curtain”] US & the Western Democracies GOAL “Containment”of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world.[George Kennan] GOAL spread world-wide Communism • METHODOLOGIES: • Espionage [KGB vs. CIA] • Arms Race [nuclear escalation] • Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples [Communist govt. & command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist economy]  “proxy wars” • Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]

  3. I. Origins of the Cold War • “Allies” Clash 1. U.S. v. Soviet Union a. economic and political systems were at odds b. anger over nonaggression pact c. U.S. slow to recognize Communist government of U.S.S.R.

  4. d. U.S. secretly building A-Bomb 2. High Hopes- June 26, 1945 U.N. was officially established a. became a place for the U.S. and Soviets to compete

  5. 3. Potsdam, Germany a. Truman, Atlee, and Stalin b. @ issue- free and open elections in Poland and other East. European 1. 1945 Poland refused right to free/open elections 2. Violated right to self-determination

  6. B. Tension Mounts 1. Soviets Tighten Their Grip a. satellite nations: dependent upon and dominated by U.S.S.R. 1. Albania, Bulgaria, Czech., Hungary, Romania, and Poland 2. Seized industrial assets (U.S.S.R.)

  7. The “Iron Curtain” From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe.-- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946

  8. 3. 1946- Stalin announced- U.S. and Soviets are incompatible- war is inevitable. 2. U.S. Containment- block Soviet attempts to spread influence

  9. Truman Doctrine [1947] • Civil War in Greece. • Turkey under pressure from the USSR for concessions in the Dardanelles. • The U. S. should support free peoples throughout the world who were resisting takeovers by armed minorities or outside pressures…We must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way. • The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey $400 million in aid.

  10. Marshall Plan [1948] • “European Recovery Program.” • Secretary of State, George Marshall • The U. S. should provide aid to all European nations that need it. This move is not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos. • $12.5 billion of US aid to Western Europe extended to Eastern Europe & USSR, [but this was rejected].

  11. D. The Struggle Over Germany 1. Post WWII Germany- 4 zones of occupation- U.S., G.B., France, Soviets a. 1948- U.S., G.B., and France combined western zones into 1 nation

  12. Post-War Germany

  13. Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49)

  14. 2. Berlin Airlift a. Also divided into 4 zones b. Soviets cut off all access to western zone- potential starvation c. The Airlift: 327 days of flying supplies into West Berlin 1. Effect on U.S. and Soviets

  15. 2. 1949- Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) was est. 3. Soviet Response- German Democratic Republic (East Germany)

  16. 3. Peacetime Alliance---NATO a. Defensive military alliance to protect against Soviet aggression b. member countries- U.S., Canada, Belgium, Denmark, France, G.B., Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, and Portugal.

  17. 1. An attack on one would be considered an attack on all 2. Marked end of U.S. isolationism 3. What is the threat to the Soviet Union?

  18. II. Cold War Heats Up • Civil War in China 1. Nationalist- Chiang Kai-Shek 2. Communist- Mao Zedong a. $2B worth of U.S. aid to Nationalist b. 1949- Nationalist fled to Formosa

  19. 3. Failure of containment B. Koreans Go To War 1. 1945- Japanese troops north of 38th parallel surrendered to Soviets; South of 38th surrendered to U.S. a. 2 nations developed

  20. b.1948- Republic of Korea (South Korea) c. Simultaneously- Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (North Korea) 1. 1949- U.S./Soviets pulled out

  21. 2. North attacks South- June 25, 1949 a. Truman sent in naval and air support to S.K. b. June 27, 1950- U.N. resolution adopted asking member nations help 1. 520,000 troops sent in

  22. C. United States Fights in Korea 1. Gen. MacArthur in command. 2. North captures Seoul a. Miracle counterattack of MacArthur

  23. 3. Political question- crossing 38th made it an aggressor not defensive a. U.N.- cross the 38th b. Chinese- will not stand idly by 1. Nov. 25, 1950- 300,000 Chinese poured into N.K. 2. Seoul was lost for a 2nd time

  24. 4. Attacking China a. Jan. 1951 MacArthur recommended extending war into China b. March, 1951 S.K. reclaimed Seoul

  25. 5. MacArthur v. Truman a. MacArthur went over head of Pres.- appealed to public b. April 11, 1951 MacArthur was relieved of his duties by Truman

  26. 6. A stalemate a. July, 1953- 2 sides reached an armistice ending the war b. Two key points: 1. Location of cease fire line-38th parallel 2. Est. of a DMZ b/w the 2 sides.

  27. c. American cost- 54,000 lives and $22 Billion.

  28. III. The Cold War @ Home- The Red Scare • Post-War Events a. Soviet takeover of Eastern Europe b. fall of China c. Failure in the Korean War left some to believe we could not stand up to growing communist threat d. Soviet development of atomic and nuclear weapons heightened fears

  29. The Zealous Republicans a. had not won presidency since 1928 And were looking for an issue b. convinced Truman was “soft on communism” and influenced by UN c. several young Republicans rose to prominence and gained fame by being anti-communist d. tied many liberal organizations to communism and socialism

  30. Creation of the Loyalty Review Board and HUAC a. created lists of subversive organizations b. 200 government employees dismissed (out of over 3 million) c. HUAC- investigated the biggest names in Hollywood for 3 reasons: 1. Wanted to prove the Screen Writers’ Guild had Communist members 2. Hoped to show they were inserting subversive propaganda into films

  31. Testimony of the Hollywood Ten a. One director and 9 screenwriters took stand and refused to answer questions, claiming 5th Amendment b. had 3 options: 1. Claim they were not and never had been members 2. Admit or claim membership and then be forced to name others 3. Refuse to answer questions

  32. c. the blacklist- 500 actors, writers, producers, and directors

  33. The McCarthy Accusations a. Started with State Department, then Democratic Party, and finally the army b. always made accusations from the Senate c. McCarthy was CENSURED by the Senate and died in 1956 from complications of alcoholism

  34. III. The Cold War at Home • The Fear of Communism 1. Loyalty Review Board- result of an executive order by Truman. a. investigated gov’t. employees and dismissed those disloyal.

  35. 2. House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)_: investigated inside and outside gov’t. a. Hollywood Ten- witnesses who refused to cooperate b. blacklisting

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