Pueblo & Plains Cultures

3-3 Power Notes Pueblo & Plains Cultures Main Idea: Native American people of Pueblo and Plains Cultures developed different ways of life based on their environment and needs.

Pueblo Culture • Jumano-lived in permanent houses made of adobe along the Rio Grande. They were able to grow corn and other crops because they settled near the river. They also hunted buffalo and gathered wild plants for food. • The Jumano lived in large villages. They used bows and arrows and carried heavy clubs into battles. Pueblo houses near the Rio Grande

The Jumanos and Tiguas The Jumanos lived as a trading and buffalo-hunting people along the Rio Grande in West Texas. They had striped tattoos on their faces, which clearly identified them as peaceful traders.

The Jumanos and Tiguas • Other Jumanos were farmers raising corn, squash, beans, and other vegetables • They lived in houses with large, flat roofs made of poles and branches covered with adobe (sun-dried brick). • The Tiguas were a Puebloan people who moved to Ysleta, near present-day El Paso, in 1680. • Texas recently recognized the Tigua descendants as Texas Native Americans and established a reservation for them.

Plains Culture • The Great Plains stretch from Canada into southern Texas. When the Spanish arrived in the 1500s, they brought back the horse. Many plains Indians became excellent horsemen. Most lived in tepees. Most tepees were made of 18 buffalo hides, and 20-30 poles.

Buffalo-some weighed up to 1,600 pounds and were 6 feet tall at the shoulder and 10 feet long. Indians used a variety of techniques to hunt buffalo.

Plains Indians Hunting It would usually take several arrows to bring down one buffalo because of their large size.

The Plains Cultures The Spaniards reintroduced horses to the Americas around A.D. 1500, changing the way of life on the plains. From the 1600s to 1800s, the plains cultures used horses to hunt and kill millions of buffalo, one of their main sources of food.

The Tonkawas Most Tonkawas lived along the southeastern edge of the EdwardsPlateau near present-day Austin. The Tonkawas, who were in conflict for buffalo with other native peoples, were forced to seek different food, such as deer, rabbits, and other game.

The Tonkawa • Lived on the north and central plains and on the southeastern edge of the Edwards Plateau. They depended on the buffalo for food, clothing and shelter. They were considered hunters-gatherers. The Tonkawa were driven from their hunting grounds by the Apache. Tonkawa children

The Apaches The Mescalero Apaches made their homes in the mountains from New Mexico through West Texas and into northern Mexico. The Lipan Apaches lived in the HillCountry and often fought with the Spanish in the South and the Comanches in the North.

The Apache • The Apache culture originated in Canada, but migrated to the Great Plains . Two Apache groups settled in Texas. These are the Lipan and Mescalero. Apaches were organized into bands that traveled, hunted and fought together. The Apaches were skilled horsemen and often teamed up when hunting buffalo. Lipan Apaches were also farmers which was very unusual for Apaches.

Apache men tied feathers and other decorations to their hair. The men had no facial hair and the women wore earrings. Apaches were feared throughout Texas. The Comanches took control of the Apache’s territory so they were mortal enemies. Apache chief Apache girl about 12 years old

The Comanches The Comanches lived on the prairies, plateaus, and plains of western Texas from the early 1700s to the late 1800s. Their territory, Comancheria, covered parts of Mexico, Texas, Kansas, Oklahoma, Colorado, and New Mexico.

The Comanches Comanches life centered on two activities—hunting and war. They fought fiercely to keep control of their territory, when Apaches, Wichitas, Tonkawas, and white settlers threatened from all sides.

Comanche Quanah Parker-last Comanche chief. Mother was Cynthia Ann Parker. • The Comanche originally lived in the western United States. They eventually moved into the Great Plains once they acquired horses. The Comanche lived in bands headed by a peace chief. If you were the best fighter and rider you were the war chief. The Comanche were skilled buffalo hunters. Because of the their skills they soon controlled much of the plains including west and northern Texas.

The Kiowas The Kiowas were the Comanches’ allies and shared the plains of Texas with them. They lived in tepees made of tanned buffalo hides that were easy to move.

The Kiowas The Kiowas prized tradition and ceremony, and they kept alive the stories of their travels. The most important Kiowa festival was the annual sundance.

Kiowa • The Kiowa were the last plains group to arrive in Texas. They hunted buffalo, and gathered berries, fruits and nuts. They traded with other groups for what they did not have. The hair of the Kiowa men was long but over the right ear it was short. The Kiowa and the Comanche were allies.

Pueblo & Plains Cultures