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Human and Machine: The Apollo Lunar Landings

Explore the intertwining relationship between human astronauts and machine systems in the first six lunar landings, as detailed in David A. Mindell's book "Digital Apollo". Learn about the challenges, successes, and lessons learned from these historic missions.

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Human and Machine: The Apollo Lunar Landings

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  1. Digital Apollo: Human and Machine on the First Six Lunar Landings(MIT Press, 2007) David A. Mindell Dibner Professor History of Engineering and Manufacturing Engineering Systems M.I.T.

  2. Table of Contents • Introduction: Between Human & Machine • Test Pilots, Systems, and the Space Age • X-15 and Automatic Control • Going to the Moon • A computer for the Moon • Apollo Software • Designing a Landing / Simulating • Apollo 11 • Apollo 12-14 • Apollo 15-17 • Landing comparison & discussion • The Relevance of Apollo

  3. By the time the Experimental Test Pilot attained his full stature, the “head-shrinkers” and “spasmatologists” had decided that man had reached the limit of his capabilities. There followed the great millennium of concentrated effort to design man out of the cockpit to make room for bigger and better “black boxes.” There was much gnashing of teeth and waving of arms but alas, the day of the “icy B.M.” was upon us. No one wanted the pilot around. SETP Proceedings, 1960, 1960

  4. (Cheatham, 1967)

  5. (Cheatham, 1967)

  6. (Cheatham, 1967)

  7. (Cheatham, 1967)

  8. Crew backgrounds / training Prior anomalies Equipment anomalies Comms. problems Prior map quality Navigation uncertainty Crew interaction Landing radar altitude Terrain uncertainties / difficulty / site selection AOS to landing time LP Redesignations Political / program context Workload LEM weight Fuel usage Sun angle Visual recognition at pitchover P64 VFR / IFR Software updates Landing accuracy / feature spec. P66 time/altitude Cutoff time, rates Other? Landing factors (general)

  9. Missions

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